Power Ultrasound in Electrochemistry

The use of power ultrasound to promote industrial electrochemical
processes, or sonoelectrochemistry, was first discovered over 70
years ago, but recently there has been a revived interest in this
field. Sonoelectrochemistry is a technology that is safe,
cost-effective, environmentally friendly and energy efficient
compared to other conventional methods.

The book contains chapters on the following topics, contributed
from leading researchers in academia and industry:

• Use of electrochemistry as a tool to investigate Cavitation
  Bubble Dynamics

• Sonoelectroanalysis

• Sonoelectrochemistry in environmental applications

• Organic Sonoelectrosynthesis

• Sonoelectrodeposition

• Influence of ultrasound on corrosion kinetics and its
  application to corrosion tests

• Sonoelectropolymerisation

• Sonoelectrochemical production of nanomaterials

• Sonochemistry and Sonoelectrochemistry in hydrogen and fuel
  cell technologies

Auteur
Bruno Pollet is a Fellow of The Royal Society of Chemistry and expert in the area of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, Electrochemical Engineering and Sonoelectrochemistry. He is Associate Director of the University of Birmingham Centre for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Research, Head of the PEMFC Research Group, CTO of H2-Technologies Inc., Technical Director of H2Power Ltd and Visiting Professor at The University of Yamanashi (Japan).

Résumé
The use of power ultrasound to promote industrial electrochemical processes, or sonoelectrochemistry, was first discovered over 70 years ago, but recently there has been a revived interest in this field. Sonoelectrochemistry is a technology that is safe, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and energy efficient compared to other conventional methods. The book contains chapters on the following topics, contributed from leading researchers in academia and industry:

• Use of electrochemistry as a tool to investigate Cavitation Bubble Dynamics
• Sonoelectroanalysis
• Sonoelectrochemistry in environmental applications
• Organic Sonoelectrosynthesis
• Sonoelectrodeposition
• Influence of ultrasound on corrosion kinetics and its application to corrosion tests
• Sonoelectropolymerisation
• Sonoelectrochemical production of nanomaterials
• Sonochemistry and Sonoelectrochemistry in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies

Contenu
Foreword xiii About the Editor xv

List of Contributors xvii

Acknowledgements xix

Introduction to Electrochemistry 1
Bruno G. Pollet and Oliver J. Curnick

I.1 Introduction 1

I.2 Principles of Electrochemistry 1

I.3 Electron-Transfer Kinetics 2

I.4 Determination of Overpotentials 10

I.4.1 Decomposition Voltages 10

I.4.2 Discharge Potentials 10

I.5 Electroanalytical Techniques 11

I.5.1 Voltammetry 11

I.5.2 Amperometry 17

1 An Introduction to Sonoelectrochemistry 21
Timothy J. Mason and Ver´onica S´aez Bernal

1.1 Introduction to Ultrasound and Sonochemistry 21

1.2 Applications of Power Ultrasound through Direct Vibrations 23

1.2.1 Welding 23

1.3 Applications of Power Ultrasound through Cavitation 25

1.3.1 Homogeneous Reactions 26

1.3.2 Heterogeneous Reactions Involving a Solid/Liquid Interface 26

1.3.3 Heterogeneous Liquid/Liquid Reactions 27

1.4 Electrochemistry 27

1.5 Sonoelectrochemistry The Application of Ultrasound in Electrochemistry 28

1.5.1 Ultrasonic Factors that Influence Sonoelectrochemistry 29

1.6 Examples of the Effect of Ultrasound on Electrochemical Processes under Mass Transport Conditions 32

1.7 Experimental Methods for Sonoelectrochemistry 34

1.7.1 Cell Construction 34

1.7.2 Stability of the Electrodes Under Sonication 36

1.7.3 Some Applications of Sonoelectrochemistry 38

2 The Use of Electrochemistry as a Tool to Investigate Cavitation Bubble Dynamics 45
Peter R. Birkin

2.1 Introduction 45

2.2 An Overview of Bubble Behaviour 46

2.3 Mass Transfer Effects of Cavitation 48

2.4 Isolating Single Mechanisms for Mass Transfer Enhancement 48

2.5 Electrochemistry Next to a Tethered Permanent Gas Bubble 51

2.6 Mass Transfer from Forced Permanent Gas Bubble Oscillation 55

2.7 Mass Transfer Effects from Single Inertial Cavitation Bubbles 62

2.8 Investigating Non-inertial Cavitation Under an Ultrasonic Horn 65

2.9 Measuring Individual Erosion Events from Inertial Cavitation 67

2.10 Conclusions 73

3 Sonoelectroanalysis: An Overview 79
Jonathan P. Metters, Jaanus Kruusma and Craig E. Banks

3.1 Introduction 79

3.2 Analysis of Pesticides 87

3.3 Quantifying Nitrite 87

3.4 Biogeochemistry 88

3.5 Quantifying Metal in 'Life or Death' Situations 89

3.6 Analysis of Trace Metals in Clinical Samples 90

3.7 Biphasic Sonoelectroanalysis 92

3.8 Applying Ultrasound into the Field: The Sonotrode 93

3.9 Conclusions 93

4 Sonoelectrochemistry in Environmental Applications 101
Pedro L. Bonete Ferrandez, Mara Deseada Esclapez, Veronica Saez Bernal and Jose Gonzalez-Garca

4.1 Introduction 101

4.2 Sonoelectrochemical Degradation of Persistent Organic Pollutants 102

4.2.1 Sonoelectrochemical Applications 102

4.2.2 Hybrid Sonoelectrochemical Techniques Applications 115

4.3 Recovery of Metals and Treatment of Toxic Inorganic Compounds 121

4.4 Disinfection of Water by Hypochlorite Generation 129

4.5 Soil Remediation 130

4.6 Conclusions 134

5 Organic Sonoelectrosynthesis 141
David J. Walton

5.1 Introduction 141

5.2 Scale-Up Considerations 142

5.3 Early History of Organic Sonoelectrochemistry 143

5.4 Electroorganic Syntheses 144

5.4.1 Electroreductions 144

5.4.2 Organochalcogenides 149

5.4.3 Synthetic Electrooxidations 151

5.4.4 Sonoelectrochemically Produced Electrode Coatings: Desirable and Undesirable 157 5.5 Other Systems ...