Cartilage V1

Cartilage, Volume 1: Structure, Function, and Biochemistry provides an in-depth treatment of cartilage structure, function, and biochemistry. Topics range from vertebrate and invertebrate cartilages to chondroblasts and chondrocytes, along with the use of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to examine cartilage. The collagens and cell kinetics of cartilage are also discussed.

Comprised of 12 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of the diversity of cartilage in vertebrates and invertebrates in terms of structure, function, and evolution. The principal common attributes of vertebrate cartilages as well as those specific parameters that usefully serve to distinguish between cartilaginous tissues at several phylogenetic levels are discussed. Function and level of function are considered, along with their correlations with the structural attributes of a specific cartilage. Subsequent chapters explore the chondroblasts and chondrocytes of cartilage, particularly how they arise and how they are maintained; the ultrastructure of cartilage; the biochemistry of cartilaginous extracellular matrices; and the kinetic and metabolic properties of cartilage cells. The final chapter analyzes the mechanisms of calcification of cartilage.

This book will be of interest to biologists and biochemists.

Auteur

I have been interested in and studying skeletal tissues since my undergraduate days in Australia in the 1960s. Those early studies on the development of secondary cartilage in embryonic birds, first published in 1967, have come full circle with the discovery of secondary cartilage in dinosaurs12. Bird watching really is flying reptile watching. Skeletal tissue development and evolution, the embryonic origins of skeletal tissues (especially those that arise from neural crest cells), and integrating development and evolution in what is now known as evo-devo have been my primary preoccupations over the past 50+ years.

Contenu

Contributors
Preface
Contents of Other Volumes

1. Vertebrate Cartilages
   
   1. Introduction
      II. Definitions and Classification
      III. General Texts
      IV. Antiquity of Cartilage and Bone
      V. Modulation Hypothesis
      VI. Principal Trends of Cartilage Evolution
      VII. Epiphyses
      VIII. Secondary Cartilage
      References
2. Invertebrate Cartilages
   I. Introduction and Historical Review
   II. Occurrence of Cartilage in Invertebrates: Morphologic and Microscopic Observations
   III. Chemistry of Invertebrate Cartilage
   IV. The Plant-Like Features of Some Cartilage Tissues
   References
3. The Chondroblast and the Chondrocyte
   I. Introduction
   II. The Chondrocytic Phenotype
   III. Acquisition of the Chondrocytic Phenotype
   IV. Precartilaginous Mesenchymal Cells
   V. Regulation of Cartilage Differentiation
   VI. Maintenance of the Chondrocyte Phenotype
   References
4. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Cartilage
   I. Introduction
   II. Cartilage Matrix
   III. Cells in Cartilage
   References
5. Scanning Electron Microscopy of Cartilage
   I. Introduction
   II. Examination of Cartilage in the SEM: Previous Studies and Techniques
   III. Present Study
   References
6. Cell Kinetics of Cartilage
   I. Introduction
   II. Basic Concepts
   III. Cell Kinetics and Overall Bone Growth
   IV. The Problems and Precision of Cell Kinetics
   V. Techniques in Cell Kinetics
   VI. Application of Cell Kinetics
   VII. Computer Modeling
   VIII. Cell Kinetics and Theories of Growth Control
   IX. Conclusions
   References
7. Collagens of Cartilage
   I. Introduction
   II. Collagens in Different Types of Cartilage
   III. Chemistry of Cartilage Collagens
   IV. Biosynthesis of Cartilage Collagen
   V. Synthesis of Cartilage Collagen in Vitro
   VI. Immunohistochemical Localization of Type II Collagen in Tissues and Cell Cultures
   VII. Degradation, Regeneration, and Autoimmunity of Collagen in Cartilage Diseases
   References
8. Glycosaminoglycans of Cartilage
   I. Introduction and Terminology
   II. Biosynthesis and Regulation of Synthesis
   III. Deposition and Degradation
   IV. In Vitro Versus in Vivo Studies
   V. Interactions with Other Molecules
   VI. Abnormalities of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans
   VII. Tissue-Specific Proteoglycans
   VIII. Role of Proteoglycans in Development and Differentiation
   References
9. Metabolism of Cartilage
   I. Introduction
   II. Respiration and Glycolysis
   III. Biosynthesis of Macromolecules
   IV. Degradation of Macromolecules
   V. Turnover of Macromolecules
   VI. Regulation of Cartilage Metabolism
   References
10. Vascularity of Cartilage
    I. Introduction
    II. The Anatomy of the Cartilage Blood Supply
    III. Mechanisms of the Resistance of Cartilage Matrices to Vascular Invasion
    IV. The Resistance of Cartilage to Tumor Cell Invasion
    V. Conclusions
    References
11. Biomechanics of Cartilage and its Response to Biomechanical Stimuli
    I. Introduction
    II. Mechanical Behavior of Materials
    III. Cartilage Composition and Structure in Relation to Mechanical Properties
    IV. Cartilage Mechanical Properties
    V. Effects of Degeneration on Cartilage Mechanical Properties
    VI. Concluding Remarks
    References
12. Calcification of Cartilage
    I. Introduction
    II. Process of Calcification
    III. Factors Involved in Initiating Calcification
    IV. Epiphyseal Cartilage Calcification
    V. Discovery and Role of Matrix Vesicles
    VI. Pathological Calcification of Cartilage
    References
    Index