Biotechnology of Blood

Biotechnology of Blood presents research on applications of biotechnology to blood and its components. The book is organized into four parts. Part I begins with an overview of the blood business in order to provide background of the industry, to identify problems, and perhaps some solutions that rely on the scientific advances made possible by biotechnology. This is followed by studies on the storage and preservation of red blood cells; autologous blood salvage procedures; the development procedures to provide a constant supply of blood group O; and the development of blood substitutes. Part II on plasma fractions includes studies on the preparation of plasma fractions, recombinant antihemophilic factors, and fibrinogen. Part III on the regulation of blood cell products includes studies such as hematopoietic stem cell processing and storage; and long-term bone marrow cell cultures. Part IV on blood-borne diseases examines the inactivation of viruses found with plasma proteins and viruses found with cellular components.

Contenu

Part I. Oxygen Delivery Systems

1. Biotechnology, Economies, and the Business of Blood
   1.1 Cellular Components and Biotechnology
   1.2 Plasma Products
   References
2. Long-Term Storage and Preservation of Red Blood Cells
   2.1 Current State of Liquid Preservation at 4°C
   2.2 Current Research in Nonfrozen Systems
   2.3 Frozen Red Cells
   2.4 Post-Thaw Preservation of Red Cells
   2.5 Conclusions
   References
3. Autologous Blood Salvage Procedures
   3.1 Advantages of Autologous Transfusion
   3.2 Clinical Applications
   3.3 Contraindications
   3.4 Intraoperative Blood Salvage Devices
   3.5 Postoperative Blood Salvage
   3.6 Complications
   3.7 Characteristics of Salvaged Blood
   3.8 Administrative Considerations
   3.9 Summary
   References
4. The Production of Group O Cells
   4.1 Biochemistry, Genetics, and Formation of the ABO Blood Group Antigens
   4.2 Treatment Conditions Compatible with RBC Viability
   4.3 Enzymatic Conversion of Group B RBC to Group O: In Vivo Studies
   4.4 Enzymatic Conversion of Group A RBC to Group O: In Vitro Studies
   4.5 Future Perspectives: Rh Modification
   References
5. Chemically Modified and Recombinant Hemoglobin Blood Substitutes
   5.1 Regulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
   5.2 Dissociation of the Hemoglobin Tetramer
   5.3 Chemical Modification of Hemoglobin
   5.4 Purification of Hemoglobin
   5.5 Autooxidation of Hemoglobin
   5.6 Recombinant Production of Hemoglobin
   5.7 Summary
   References
6. Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin: Historical Development of a Blood Substitute
   6.1 Fabrication
   6.2 In Vivo Studies
   6.3 Future Directions
   References
7. Medical Oxygen Transport Using Perfluorochemicals
   7.1 History of Perfluorochemicals in Oxygen Transport
   7.2 Data on the Use of PFC Emulsions
   7.3 Medical Applications and Clinical Studies
   7.4 Future Perfluorochemical Products
   7.5 Conclusion
   References
   Part II. Plasma Fractions
8. Current Approaches to the Preparation of Plasma Fractions
   8.1 Albumin
   8.2 Plasma Protein Fraction
   8.3 Antihemophilic Factor (Factor VIII, or AHF)
   8.4 Immunoglobulins
   8.5 Fibrinogen
   8.6 Prothrombin Complex
   8.7 Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrates
   8.8 Antithrombin III
   8.9 Current Equipment and Technologies Used in Plasma Fractionation
   References
9. Recombinant Antihemophilic Factors
   9.1 Factor VIII
   9.2 Factor IX
   9.3 Factor VII
   9.4 Other Recombinant Coagulation Factors
   9.5 Conclusion
   References
10. Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator
    10.1 The Fibrinolytic System
    10.2 Nonrecombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (t-PA)
    10.3 Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA)
    10.4 Mutants and Variants of Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator
    10.5 Conclusions
    References
11. Fibrinogen and Fibrin Formation and Its Role in Fibrinolysis
    11.1 Introduction
    11.2 Physicochemical Properties of Fibrinogen
    11.3 Chains and Prosthetic Groups of Fibrinogen
    11.4 Primary Structure of Fibrinogen
    11.5 Activation of Fibrinogen
    11.6 Fibrin(ogen)olysis in Presence of Plasmin
    11.7 Interaction of Fibrinogen and Fibrin with Ions, Plasma Proteins, and Cells
    11.8 Biosynthesis of Fibrinogen
    11.9 Evolution of Fibrinogen and Hemostatic Mechanisms
    11.10 Role of Fibrinogen in Health and Disease
    References
12. Fibrinogen-Fibrin: Preparation and Use of Monoclonal Antibodies as Diagnostics
    12.1 Fibrinogen-to-Fibrin Transition and Fibrin(ogen)olysis
    12.2 Monitoring Blood Levels of Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products
    12.3 Characterization of Fibrin(ogen) Antigens in Tissues
    12.4 Monoclonal Antibodies as Thrombus Imaging Agents Abbreviations and Terms
    References
    Part III. In Vivo and In Vitro regulation of Blood Cell Production
13. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Processing and Storage
    13.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Collection and Processing
    13.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Storage
    13.3 Summary and Conclusions
    References
14. Erythropoietin: Its Role in the Regulation of Erythropoiesis and as a Therapeutic in Humans
    14.1 The Erythropoietin (Epo) Gene
    14.2 Regulation of Epo Production
    14.3 Plasma Epo
    14.4 Interactions of Epo with Its Target Cell
    14.5 Epo as a Therapeutic Treatment
    14.6 Summary
    References
15. Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors
    15.1 Biotechnology of CSFs
    15.2 Multi-CSF
    15.3 GM-CSF
    15.4 G-CSF
    15.5 M-CSF
    15.6 Summary
    References
16. Long-Term Bone Marrow Cell Cultures
    16.1 Evolving Hierarchy of Hematopoietic Progenitors
    16.2 Hematopoietic Microenvironment
    16.3 Clinical Applications-Current and Future
    References
    Part IV. Blood-Borne Viral Diseases
17. Inactivation of Viruses Found with Plasma Proteins
    17.1 Viral Risk from Single Units of Blood
    17.2 Viral Risk from Plasma Protein Fractions
    17.3 Summary and Conclusion
    References
18. Inactivation of Viruses Found with Cellular Components
    18.1 Physical Methods for Virus Removal or Inactivation
    18.2 Immune Neutralization
    18.3 Hydrolyzable Chemical Agents
    18.4 Photosensitization Techniques
    18.5 Irradiation Methods
    18.6 Summary and Conclusions
    References
    Index