Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World

This unique volume summarizes and integrates more than a decade of atmospheric chemistry research, carried out under the auspices of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). It is part of a series being written by each of the IGBP core projects. During the period under consideration, great progress has been made in the science, computing, modelling and observational techniques; methods have also improved. Suggestions for the highest priority research for the next decade are made. The volume was written by leaders in the field of atmospheric chemistry research, and includes important information regarding impacts on the environment reinforced by solid scientific results.

Texte du rabat

Praise for Guy P. Brasseur's Atmospheric Chemistry in a Changing World

American Meteorological Society

"This volume summarizes and integrates more than a decade of atmospheric chemistry research. During the period under consideration, great progress has been made in computing, modeling, and observational techniques, and methods have also improved. Here, suggestions for the highest priority research for the next decade are made, and important information is related regarding impacts on the environment."

Contenu

1 Changes in the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere and Potential Impacts.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.1.1 Atmospheric Chemistry and Life on Earth.- 1.1.2 Environmental Issues and Atmospheric Chemistry.- 1.1.3 The Atmosphere in the Earth System.- 1.2 Global Atmospheric Chemistry and the IGACProject.- 1.3 Past Changes in Atmospheric Chemical Composition.- 1.3.1 Long-Term Variability: Evidence of Feedbacks.- 1.3.2 Changing Atmospheric Composition During the Last FewCenturies.- 1.3.3 Future Changes in Atmospheric Composition.- 1.4 Causes of Atmospheric Changes.- 1.4.1 Fossil Fuel Combustion and Industry.- 1.4.2 Biomass Burning.- l.4.3 Land-Use Changes.- 1.4.4 Climate Changes.- 1.5 Impacts of Changes in Atmospheric Composition.- 1.5.1 Climate Change.- 1.5.2 Impacts on Ecosystems.- 1.5.3 Corrosion.- 1.5.4 Health Effects.- 1.6 Some Important Questions.- 2 Biosphere-Atmosphere Interactions.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 KeyBiogenicGasesor Familiesand their Relevance to Atmospheric Chemistry.- 2.2.1 The Carbon Family of Gases: CH4, Volatile Organic Carbon Compounds (VOCs), and Carbon Monoxide (CO).- 2.2.2 The Nitrogen Family of Gases: Ammonia (NH3), N2D, and NO.- 2.2.3 The Sulphur Family: Dimethylsulphide and Carbonyl Sulphide.- 2.3 A Paleoclimatic Perspective on CH4 and DMS.- 2.4 Atmospheric Compounds as Nutrients or Toxins.- 2.5 Approaches for Studying Exchange.- 2.6 Terrestrial Highlights.- 2.6.1 Exchange of Trace Gases and Aerosols from Terrestrial Ecosystems.- 2.7 Background: Emissions and Deposition.- 2.7.1 Production and Consumption of CH4.- 2.7.2 Biomass Burning.- 2.7.3 Wet Deposition in the Tropics.- 2.8 Marine Highlights.- 2.8.1 Air-Water Gas Exchange Parameterisation.- 2.8.2 Marine Biogenic Emissions: A Few Examples.- 2.8.3 Biological and Chemical Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition on Marine and Estuarine Systems.- 2.9 Summary of Achievements and Remaining Research Challenges.- 3 Atmospheric Photooxidants.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Background.- 3.1.2 Chapter Structure.- 3.2 Ozone Precursors.- 3.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2 Primary Emissions of Ozone Precursors.- 3.2.3 Global Distribution of Ozone Precursors.- 3.3 Photochemistry in the Troposphere.- 3.3.1 Background.- 3.3.2 IGACActivities Related to Testing the Theory of HOx Photochemistry.- 3.3.3 Measurements of Total Peroxy Radicals (HO2 + RO2).- 3.3.4 Measurements of Ozone and Peroxide Climatologies in Clean Air.- 3.3.5 Reactive Nitrogen Chemistry.- 3.3.6 The Role of Tropospheric Chemistry in the Production of Part iculate Matter in the Troposphere.- 3.3.7 Modelling of Radical Chemistry and Ozone Production and Loss.- 3.3.8 Progress in Modelling the Global Budget of OH.- 3.3.9 Night Time Free Radical Chemistry - NO3.- 3.3.10 Halogen Chemistry in the Troposphere.- 3.4 Transport and Mixing Processes.- 3.4.1 Boundary Layer Mixing and Exchange.- 3.4.2 Convection.- 3.4.3 Synoptic Scale Transport.- 3.4.4 Stratosphere-Troposphe re Exchange.- 3.5 A Climatology of Tropospheric Ozone.- 3.5.1 Factors Controlling the Global Distribution of Ozone.- 3.5.2 Global Measurements of Ozone and Sonde Data.- 3.6 Long-Range Transport of Pollution and Impact on the Ozone Budget.- 3.6.1 Introduction.- 3.6.2 Continental Pollution.- 3.6.3 North Atlantic Ocean Field Campaigns.- 3.6.4 Pacific Ocean Field Campaigns.- 3.6.5 Studies of Aircraft Emissions.- 3.7 Summary of Principal Achievements and Remaining Uncertainties.- 3.7.1 Achievements.- 3.7.2 Uncertainties.- 4 Tropospheric Aerosols.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Integrated View of the Present State of Knowledge of Atmospheric Aerosols.- 4.2.1 Space-Borne Measurements.- 4.2.2 In situ Measurements.- 4.2.3 Process Understanding.- 4.2.4 Large-Scale Aerosol Models.- 4.3 Selected Recent Developments.- 4.3.1 Primary Emissions.- 4.3.2 Emissions of Particle Precursors.- 4.3.3 Formation, Evolution, and Removal of Condensed Material.- 4.3.4 Effects of the Aerosol on Radiation in the Atmosphere.- 4.3.5 Effects of Aerosols on Atmospheric Photochemistry.- 4.3.6 Aerosols and Health.- 4.4 Research Approaches.- 4.4.1 In situ Observations with Intensive Campaigns.- 4.4.2 In situ Observations Using Long-Term Monitoring Networks.- 4.4.3 Remote Sensing of Aerosols.- 4.4.4 Aerosol Modelling.- 4.5 Highlights and Remaining Challenges.- 4.5.1 Characterisation of the Atmospheric Aerosol.- 4.5.2 Formation and Growth of Particulate Matter.- 4.5.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions.- 4.5.4 Modelling Challenges.- 5 Advances in Laboratory and Field Measurements.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Laboratory Studies.- 5.2.1 Recent Advances.- 5.2.2 Future Needs.- 5.2.3 Summary.- 5.3 Field measurements: Gas Phase.- 5.3.1 Recent Advances.- 5.3.2 Techniques for the Measurement of Isotopes.- 5.3.3 Use of Lidar on Airborne Chemistry Missions.- 5.3.4 Flux Measurements.- 5.3.5 Instrument Intercomparisons.- 5.3.6 Future Needs.- 5.4 Field measurements: Aerosols.- 5.4.1 Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Samples.- 5.4.2 Particle Number Concentration.- 5.4.3 Number Size Distribution.- 5.4.4 Optical Properties.- 5.4.5 Hygroscopicity.- 5.4.6 Aerosol Deposition Fluxes.- 5.4.7 Issues in Aerosol Sampling.- 5.4.8 Summary of Future Needs.- 5.5 Satellite Instruments for Tropospheric Chemistry.- 5.5.1 Introduction.- 5.5.2 Recent Advances.- 5.5.3 Future Trends.- 5.5.4 Summary.- 5.6 Long-Term Measurements.- 5.6.1 Introduction.- 5.6.2 Global Networks.- 5.6.3 Summary and Future Trends.- 5.7 Summary and Conclusions.- 6 Modelling.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Types of Models.- 6.3 Model Components.- 6.3.1 Treatment of Large-Scale Transport.- 6.3.2 Representation of Chemical Processes.- 6.3.3 Input to Chemistry-Transport Models.- 6.4 Model Evaluation.- 6.4.1 Comparisons with Observations.- 6.4.2 Model Intercomparisons.- 6.5 Model Applications.- 6.5.1 Evolution of the Composit ion of the Troposphere.- 6.5.2 Use of Photochemical Models for Supporting Field Campaigns.- 6.5.3 Climate Assessments.- 6.6 Current Developments and Future Challenges.- 6.6.1 Further Development of Current CTMs.- 6.6.2 Chemical Data Assimilation.- 6.6.3 Inverse Modelling.- 6.6.4 Dynamic Aerosol Modelling.- 6.6.5 Nesting-Variable Resolution.- 6.6.6 Cloud-Resolving Chemical Models.- 6.6.7 Coupled Earth System Models.- 7 An Integrated Viewof the Causes and Impacts of Atmospheric Changes.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 What Determines the Chemical Composition of the Atmosphere?.- 7.3 How Have Human Activities Altered Atmospheric Composition?.- 7.4 How Have Human Activities Changed the Global Atmospheric Budgets of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Sulphur?.- 7.5 What Controls Tropospheric Ozone?.- 7.6 Is the "Cleansing Efficiency" of the Atmosphere Changing?.- 7.7 How Does Atmospheric Chemistry Affect the Biosphere and …