Essentials of Modern Physics Applied to the Study of the Infrared covers topics about the essentials of modern physics.
The book starts with the situation of research into the infrared and the problems to which it gives rise, and then discusses instrumentation in the infrared: optics, sources, receivers and electronics. The book describes the interaction between the infrared and matter within the framework of Lorentz's general theory and in the particular case of solids using Born's theory and introducing the notion of phonons. The region of the electromagnetic spectrum and the developments in science and industry, including X-ray analysis, molecular beam experiments, radio, and television are considered. The book tackles the sources of infrared as well as infrared detectors.
The text will be useful to physicists, engineers, and laboratory technicians.

Contenu

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Introduction. The Rise and Increasing Complexity of Infrared Research
I. The Discovery of the Infrared
II. The Fundamental Research
III. Rapid Progress after the War
III.1. Industrial Production of Spectrometers
III.2. Spectra Atlases
III.3. A New Optics
III.4. The Semiconductors
IV. The Immediate Future
IV.1. Lasers and Electronic Transitions in the Infrared
IV.2. Interaction between Infrared and Waves of Thermal Motion in Solids
IV.3. Application to Modern Chemistry, Television and Cybernetics
Chapter 1. Elements of Instrumental Optics in the Infrared
I. Energy Quantities Relative to Radiations
I.1. Energy Flux radiated from a Source
I.2. Intensity of a Point Source towards One Direction
I.3. Luminance
I.4. The Spread of a Beam
I.5. Emittance of a Source
I.6. Illumination of a Screen
I.7. Flux transported per Unit of Wavelength, Specific Luminance, Emittance, Intensity and Illumination
II. Radiation Dispersion
II.1. General Points
II.2. True Monochromators (prism monochromators)
II.3. Pseudo Monochromators: Perot-Fabry Etalons and Gratings
III. The Problem of Eliminating Stray Light
III.1. Filters by Reflection
III.2. Filters by Transmission
III.3. Filters based on Selective Modulation
IV. Multiplex Spectrometry
IV.1. Spectrometer and Spectrograph, Multiplex Spectrometry
IV.2. Interferometric Amplitude Modulator
IV.3. Michelson's Interferometer, Modulation of Amplitude and Fourier's Analysis
IV.4. Spectrometers with Grids or Multiple Slits
V. Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 2. Sources of Infrared
I. Introduction
II. Thermal Emission
II.1. Classical Theory of the Black Body, Continuous Emission
II.2. Quantum Theory of the Black Body
II.3. Thermal Emission: Continuous or Selective Emission
II.4. Discharges in Gases, Black Body Emission of Plasma
III. Mechanism of the Emission: Atomic or Molecular, Spontaneous or Stimulated
III.1. Einstein's Coefficients, Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission, Absorption
III.2. Spontaneous Emission of Cold Sources in the Infrared
III.3. Stimulated Emission of Cold Sources in the Infrared: Lasers
IV. Emission of Waves by Electric Circuits
IV.1. Hertz's Experiments (1877)
IV.2. Field radiated by an Oscillating Dipole
IV.3. High Frequency Sinusoidal Oscillations of a Triode
IV.4. Velocity Modulation Tubes
IV.5. Harmonics Generation
IV.6. The Cerenkov and the Smith-Purcell Effects
IV.7. Cyclotronic Generator and Tunnel Diodes
V. Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 3. Infrared Detectors
I. Introduction
II. Thermal Detectors
II.1 General Description, Temperature Rise of the Target
II.2. Specific Volume
II.3. Electric Resistance
II.4. Thermoelectricity
II.5. Pyroelectricity
II.6. Photoemissivity of Electrons
II.7. Absorption of a Semiconductor in the Zone where it becomes Transparent
II.8. Thermosensitive Fluorescence
II.9. Thermochroism
II.10. Evaporography
III. Quantum Detectors
III.1. Quantum Detectors using the Electronic Levels of a Semiconductor
III.2. Electronic Levels of an Ion, or of a Pair of Ions
IV. Crystal Detectors
V. Amplifiers, Noise Spectrum
VI. Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 4. Propagation of Infrared in Empty Space and in Matter- Maxwell's Equations, Lorentz's Theory
I. Introduction
II. The Equation of Propagation of an Electromagnetic Wave, the Search for a Plane Solution
II.1. General Relationships between E, B, H, D
II.2. Equations of Propagation for E and H
II.3. Finding a Solution when the Medium propagates a Plane Wave
II.4. Interpretation of the Complex Index
III. Applications
III.1. Transversality of the Plane Wave
III.2. Characteristic Impedance of the Medium
IV. Calculation of the Dielectric Constant from the Atomic Structure, Dispersion of the Index of Refraction and the Absorption Coefficient, Lorentz's Theory
IV.1. Electronic and Ionic Polarizability at a First Approximation
IV.2. Contribution of Free Carriers: Plasma
IV.3. Contribution of Polar Molecules in Free Rotation, Dispersion of Polar Gases in the Infrared
IV.4. Polarizability of Orientation
IV.5. Local Field of Lorentz
V. Conclusion
V.1. Variation of the Polarizability in Terms of the Frequency
V.2. Variation of n and k in Terms of the Frequency for a Medium containing only Electronic, Ionic, or Vibrational Oscillators
Bibliography
Chapter 5. Waves of Thermal Agitation in a Solid, Interactions with the Infrared
I. Introduction
II. Einstein's Theory and Debye's Theory on the Vibrations of a Solid
II.1. Quantification of the Elastic Vibrations of a Solid (Einstein 1907)
II.2. Einstein's Theory
II.3. Debye's Theory
III. Exact Solution for the Problem of the Natural Vibrations of a Solid
III.1. Linear Chain of Diatomic Molecules
III.2. Three-dimensional Lattice
IV. Interactions between Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Waves of Agitation in a Perfect Crystal
IV.1. Electromagnetic Character of Certain Waves of Thermal Agitation in a Polar Crystal
IV.2. First Order Effects in the Interaction of the Electromagnetic Infrared Waves with the Thermal Agitation Waves of a Crystal
IV.3. Second Order Effects in the Interaction of Electromagnetic Infrared Waves with the Thermal Agitation Waves of a Crystal
IV.4. Interactions with the Visible Electromagnetic Waves: the Scattering of Photons by Phonons
V. Crystal Defects, Localized Vibrations and One-phonon Transitions
V.1. General Theory for Homopolar Compounds
V.2. Case of Silicon
V.3. Case of Diamond
V.4. Case of Germanium
V.5. Case of Ionic Crystals
V.6. Case of Glasses
V.7. A-centres and U-centres
V.8. Mixed Crystals
V.9. Conclusion
VI. Monograph of the Principal Crystals concerning their Transmission and Reflection in the Infrared
VI.1. Historical Interest of the Problem
VI.2. Calculation of the Apparent Transmission and Reflection of a Plate with Plane Parallel Faces
VI.3. Cubic Homopolar Compounds: Ge, Si, C
VI.4. Alkali Halides
VI.5. Other Cubic Crystals with the NaCl Structure
VI.6. Other Cubic Crystals with the CsCl Structure
VI.7. Alkaline Earth Halides (Fluorite Structure)
VI.8. Other Crystals with the Fluorite Structure
VI.9. Antifluorite Structure
VI.10. Blende Structure
VI.11. Wurtzite Structure
VI.12. Cuprite Structure
VI.13. Corundum Structure
VI.14. Silica Structure
VI.15. Rutile Structure
VI.16. Other Structures
VII. Conclusion
Bibliography
Chapter 6. A New Field of Research-The Far Infrared
I. Introduction
II. Instrumentation in the Far Infrared
II.1. Spectrometry and Fo…