Antimicrobial Drug Resistance

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance presents information regarding the ability of organisms to resist natural and synthetically derived inhibitors. It presents the view of the authors who made significant contributions to the understanding of resistance.
The book focuses on inhibitors classified as antifungal, antiviral, and antimalarial, as well as metal ions. It also covers numerous reactions, which have been genetically and biochemically analyzed in this context. Additionally, some chapters cover resistance plasmids of most of the clinically important bacteria.
The book is designed to aid those involved in microbiological and pharmaceutical research on antimicrobial agents, clinical infectious diseases and medical microbiology, teaching microbiology and pharmacology, pharmaceutical marketing, and infection control.

Contenu

Contributors
Foreword
Preface

1. Interaction of ß-Lactam Antibiotics with ß-Lactamases as a Cause for Resistance
   I. Introduction
   II. The ß-Lactamases
   III. The Interaction
   IV. Discussion
   References
2. ß-Lactams Resistant to Hydrolysis by the ß-Lactamases
   I. Introductory Remarks
   II. ß -Lactams as Acylating Reagents
   III. ß-Lactams Resistant to the ß-Lactamases
   IV. Envoi
   References
3. Nonenzymatic Resistance to ß-Lactam Antibiotics and Resistance to Other Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
   I. Introduction
   II. Mechanisms of Nonenzymatic Resistance to Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis
   III. Permeability
   IV. Penicillin-Binding Proteins
   V. Tolerance as a Mechanism of Antimicrobial Resistance to Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
   VI. Resistance to Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
   Other than ß-Lactams
   References
4. Intrinsic Resistance and Whole Cell Factors Contributing to Antibiotic Resistance
   I. Introduction
   II. Cellular Structures Contributing to Resistance
   III. Antibiotics
   IV. Conclusion
   References
5. Resistance to Antibacterial Agents Acting on Cell Membranes
   I. Introduction
   II. Medical Usefulness of Membrane-Active Agents
   III. Mode of Action of Membrane-Active Agents
   IV. Mechanisms of Resistance
   V. Methods for Overcoming Resistance
   VI. Conclusions
   References
6. Resistance to Antibacterial Agents Acting on Antifolate Metabolism
   I. Introduction
   II. Definitions
   III. Sensitivity Testing of Antifolate Agents
   IV. Sulfonamides
   V. Trimethoprim
   VI. Conclusions
   VII. Antifolate Agents Other than Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
   References
7. Resistance to the Tetracyclines
   I. Antimicrobial Activity of the Tetracyclines
   II. Genetic Determinants of Resistance
   III. Transport of the Tetracyclines into Susceptible Bacteria 204
   IV. Regulation and Expression of Extrachromosomal Resistance
   V. Cryptic, Amplifiable Chromosomal Genes for Tetracycline Resistance
   VI. Factors Promoting Emergence of Resistant Strains in the Environment
   VII. Future Approaches to the Tetracycline Resistance Problem
   VIII. Conclusions
   References
8. Aminoglycoside Resistance
   I. Introduction
   II. Genetics of Resistance
   III. Target Resistance
   IV. Accumulation-Deficient Aminoglycoside Resistance
   V. Enzymatic Modification of Aminoglycosides
   VI. The Circumvention of Resistance
   References
9. Resistance to Macrolides and Lincomycins
   I. Introduction
   II. Chemical Structures of Macrolide Antibiotics and Their Antibacterial Activities
   III. Epidemiology of Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance
   IV. Elevation of Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance by Induction
   V. Biochemical Mechanism of Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance
   References
10. Resistance to Chloramphenicol and Fusidic Acid
    I. Structure-Activity Relationships
    II. Mechanism of Action
    III. Definition of Resistance
    IV. Genetic Basis of Resistance
    V. Epidemiology of Resistance
    VI. Fusidic Acid
    References
11. Resistance to Nitrofurans and Nitroimidazoles
    I. Introduction
    II. Bacterial Drug Metabolism
    III. Nitrofuran Resistance
    IV. Nitroimidazole Resistance
    References
12. Bacterial Metal Ion Resistances
    I. Introduction
    II. Resistance to Mercury Compounds
    III. Resistance to Arsenic and Antimony
    IV. Resistance to Cadmium
    V. Other Metal Ion Resistances
    VI. Summary
    References
13. Resistance to Antiviral Agents
    I. Introduction
    II. Laboratory Evaluation of Antiviral Resistance
    III. Adenine Arabinoside
    IV. Acycloguanosine
    V. Bromovinyldeoxyuridine
    VI. Idoxuridine
    VII. Trifluorothymidine
    VIII. Trisodium Phosphonoformate
    IX. Amantadine and Rimantadine
    X. Summary
    References
14. Resistance to Systemic Antifungal Agents
    I. Introduction
    II. Polyene Antibiotics, Particularly Amphotericin B
    III. Imidazolyl Derivatives, Particularly Miconazole and Ketoconazole
    IV. Flucytosine
    V. Griseofulvin
    References
15. Resistance to Antimalarial Agents
    I. Introduction and History: Antimalarial Use and Resistance
    II. Life Cycle and Mode of Drug Action
    III. Resistance in Malaria
    References
16. Plasmids of Enteric Bacteria
    I. History
    II. Conjugative and Nonconjugative Plasmids
    III. Plasmid Classification
    IV. Resistance Genes
    V. Epidemiology of Enteric R-Plasmids
    VI. Origin of Enteric R-Plasmids
    References
17. Resistance Plasmids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    I. Introduction
    II. Plasmid Prevalence
    III. Plasmid Classification
    IV. Transfer Properties and Pili
    V. Plasmid Host Range
    VI. Plasmid-Determined Resistance
    VII. Transposons
    VIII. Conclusions
    References
18. Resistance Plasmids of Haemophilus and Neisseria
    I. Introduction
    II. ß-Lactam Resistance Plasmids
    III. Tetracycline-Chloramphenicol Resistance Plasmids
    IV. Sulfonamide Resistance Plasmids
    V. Aminoglycoside Resistance Plasmids
    VI. Origin, Transfer, and Maintenance of Resistance Plasmids
    References
19. Antibiotic Resistance Plasmids of Streptococci, Staphylococciy and Bacteroides
    I. Introduction
    II. Antibiotic Resistance in Streptococci
    III. Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococci
    IV. Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteroides
    References
    Index