Poxviruses

The recent international alarm at the possible use of smallpox as weapon of bioterror has refocused the attention of the scientific community, public health policy makers and the public on poxviruses. In contrast to the threat posed by some of these viruses, other poxviruses show exciting beneficial potential including their use as valuable tools in biomedical research and in the delivery of vaccines. This monograph provides a comprehensive review of the poxvirus family with a particular emphasis on current developments. It includes the latest insights into poxviral molecular biology, diagnosis, therapy, vaccine development and the beneficial exploitation of these viruses in biomedical research. Each chapter is written by a leader in the field. The reviews present all aspects of the field, including historical perspectives, along with summaries of the latest advances. This combination makes the book relevant for graduate students, researchers new to the field and to experienced poxvirologists.

Résumé
The study of poxviruses has a long and distinguished history that includes Jenner's founding work on smallpox vaccination. In the more than 200 years since that time we have seen the remarkable eradication of smallpox. It is difficult to overstate the significance of that achievement. It not only removed a disease that must rate as one of humankind's greatest scourges, but also demonstrated the effectiveness of the general principle of vacci- tion in our battles against disease. This book begins with a review of smallpox and its causative agent, Variola virus. The vaccine used in the successful smallpox eradication c- paign, vaccinia virus, is reviewed in the following chapter that describes its origin and its use as a vaccine, as well as the current understanding of the molecular biology and pathogenesis of this virus. Vaccinia virus is the most intensively studied poxvirus and the descriptions of the biology of this virus are relevant to all vertebrate poxviruses. The eradication ofsmallpox has drawn attention to the potential threat posed by other orthopoxviruses that infect humans, particularly Monkeypox virus. A description of this virus is given in the third chapter. Jenner's ori- nal vaccine is believed to have been Cowpox virus and this virus is reviewed in the chapter by Essbauer and Meyer. Additional chapters are devoted to each of the recognized genera of the vertebrate poxviruses and a f- ther chapter describes the subfamily of poxviruses infecting invertebrates. Together these provide a comprehensive review of the poxvirus family.

Contenu
Genus Orthopoxvirus: Vaccinia virus.- Genus Orthopoxvirus: Variola virus.- Genus Orthopoxvirus: Monkeypox virus.- Genus Orthopoxvirus: Cowpox virus.- Genus Molluscipoxvirus.- Genus Yatapoxvirus.- Genus Parapoxvirus.- Genus Capripoxvirus.- Genus Leporipoxvirus.- Genus Suipoxvirus.- Genus Avipoxvirus.- Subfamily Entomopoxvirinae.- Immunomodulation by poxviruses.- Immunomodulation by inactivated Orf virus (ORFV) - therapeutic potential.- Recombinant poxvirus vaccines in biomedical research.- Orthopoxvirus vaccines and vaccination.- Poxvirus diagnostics.- Therapy of poxvirus infections.- Environmental resistance, disinfection, and sterilization of poxviruses.- Early disease management strategies in case of a smallpox outbreak.- Historic aspects and early smallpox management approaches in the New World.