This book invites readers to embark on a journey into the world of agency encompassing humans, other organisms, cells, intracellular molecular agents, colonies, populations, ecological systems, and artificial autonomous systems. We combine mechanistic and non-mechanistic approaches in the analysis of the function and evolution of organisms, their subagents, and multi-organism systems, and in this way offer a theoretical platform for integrating biosemiotics with both natural science and the humanities/social sciences. Agents are autonomous systems that incorporate knowledge on how to make sense of their environment and use it to achieve their goals. The functions of all agents are supported by mechanisms at the lowest level; however, the explanatory power of mechanistic analysis is not sufficient for complex agents. Non-mechanistic methods rely on the goal-directedness of agents whose dynamics follow self-stabilized dynamic attractors. The properties of attractors depend on stable or slowly changing factors, and such dependencies can be interpreted as sign relations if they are adaptive in nature. Agents can replace or redirect mechanisms on demand in order to preserve their functions; for performing higher-level semiotic functions, mechanisms are thus only means. We assume that mechanism and semiosis are not mutually exclusive, and that simple agents can interpret signs mechanistically. This assumption allows us to extend semiotic analysis to all agents, including ribosomes in cells, computers, and robots. This book challenges established traditions in natural science and the humanities/social sciences: semiotics no longer appears as restricted to humans and rational thinking, and biology is no longer limited to rely exclusively on mechanistic reasoning.

Auteur
Alexei Sharov, Ph.D., retired from the staff scientist position at the US National Institute on Aging, NIH. He is currently a Vice President in Bioinformatics at Elixirgen Scientific Inc. (Baltimore, USA). Since 2013 he serves as an Editor-in-Chief for the journal Biosemiotics*,* and from 2015 - as an editor of the Book Series in Biosemiotics (Springer). He was a member of the Research Group on Theoretical Biology at Moscow State University (Russia), organized seminars and two conferences on biosemiotics, and has awards for research in forest ecology, USA. He has published two books (in Russian) and edited two special issues in scientific journals and a book Habitability of the Universe before Earth (2018). Among his over 160 peer-reviewed publications, the following articles explore foundations of the concept of semiotic agency: Functional information (2010), Protosemiosis: agency with reduced representation capacity (2015, with Vehkavaara), Evolutionary biosemiotics and multilevel construction networks (2016), Composite agency: semiotics of modularity and guiding interactions (2017), and Mind, agency, and biosemiotics (2018).

Morten Tønnessen, Ph.D., is Professor of philosophy and Head of department at the Department of social studies, University of Stavanger, Norway. He is currently the President of the Nordic Association for Semiotic Studies (NASS), and a member of Norway´s Council for animal ethics. In the period 20132019, he served as an Editor-in-Chief for the journal Biosemiotics. In his biosemiotic research, Tønnessen has particularly been engaged in discussing, criticizing and applying the Umwelt theory of Jakob von Uexküll, aiming to make Umwelt theory more applicable in contemporary times. Key texts in this regard include Umwelt ethics (2003), Umwelt transitions: Uexküll and environmental change (2009), Steps to a semiotics of being (2010), Umwelt trajectories (2014) and Introduction: The relevance of Uexküll's Umwelt theory today (2015).

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