Age Estimation in the Living

This book summarizes and explains the main approaches to age estimation in the living, defining when a parameter may be of use and raising awareness of its limitations. This text ensures that practitioners recognize when an assessment is beyond their area of expertise or beyond verification depending upon the clinical data available. Each key approach to age evaluation has been allotted a single chapter, written by an international leader in the particular field. The book also includes summary chapters that relay readily accessible data for use by the practitioner, and includes important "ageing milestones."

This book is indispensable where problems of immigration and legal standing, juvenile vs. adult criminal status, and responsibilities of law enforcement to protect vulnerable persons are key issues on a daily basis. Medical practitioners, forensic practitioners such as pathology, odontology, anthropology and nursing, lawyers, and police would find this book incredibly useful.

Auteur

Professor Sue Black, OBE BSc PhD DSc FRSE, Head of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK
Professor Sue Black is one of the worlds leading experts in Forensic Anthropology. She has received many accolades throughout her distinguished professional career including an OBE presented by Her Britannic Majesty for services to Forensic Anthropology in 2001. Professor Black developed the first undergraduate training course in forensic anthropology and the first postgraduate course in human identification in the UK. She is very well known to the media and has taken part in several television, radio and other media related programmes.

Professor Anil Aggrawal, Professor of Forensic Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Professor Aggrawal is also founder and Editor-in-Chief of Anil Aggrawal's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology. The journal is in its 8th year of publication and draws more than 2000 visitors daily from all over the world.

Jason Payne-James, Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Essex, UK
Jason Payne James is a forensic physician appointed as a Forensic Medical Examiner to the Metropolitan Police Service and City of London Police. His work embraces four main areas drawing on his extensive medical, legal, forensic and education/writing expertise - legal and clinical forensic aspects of medicine; clinical nutrition; gastroenterology. He is a prolific author/writer. Jason Payne James established a company, with others; Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd (www.forensic-healthcare.com) a company providing expert witnesses (www.experts4law.com) for the criminal and civil systems and other bodies, and which also provides training in these areas.

Contenu

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

Glossary of Abbreviations xvii

1 An Introduction to the History of Age Estimation in the Living 1
Andreas Schmeling and Sue Black

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Dental Development 3

1.3 Skeletal Maturation 5

1.4 Secondary Sexual Development 8

1.5 Conclusion 10

References 12

2 Immigration, Asylum Seekers and Undocumented Identity 19
Heather Law, Lorraine Mensah, Sue Bailey and Julia Nelki

2.1 Asylum Seeker to Refugee 26

References 28

3 Clinical and Legal Requirements for Age Determination in the Living 30
Philip Beh and Jason Payne-James

3.1 Introduction 30

3.2 Contrasts between Age Assessment in the Living and the Deceased 31

3.3 Reasons for Age Estimation of Bodies and Human Remains 32

3.4 Reasons for Age Estimation of Living Individuals 32

3.5 Assessment Techniques 37

3.6 How Age May Be Specifically Documented 37

3.7 Birth Certificates 38

3.8 Identity Cards 38

3.9 Driving Licence 38

3.10 Passports 39

3.11 Age Verification Cards 40

3.12 Other Documents 40

3.13 Medical Issues 40

3.13.1 Duties to Examinee 40

3.14 Communication 41

3.15 Summary and Conclusions 41

References 42

4 Legal Implications of Age Determination: Consent and Other Issues 43
George Fernie and Jason Payne-James

4.1 Introduction 43

4.2 Principles of Practice 44

4.3 Duties of the Examining Practitioner 47

4.4 Criminal Issues in Age Determination in the Living 48

4.5 Practical Implications 51

4.6 Summary 53

References 54

5 The Challenges of Psychological Assessments of Maturity 55
Julia Nelki, Pete Grady, Sue Bailey and Heather Law

5.1 Introduction 55

5.1.1 Current Status in the UK 57

5.2 Need for Determination of Maturity 58

5.3 Psychological Maturity as a Concept 59

5.3.1 Child Development 60

5.3.2 Middle Childhood 61

5.3.3 Adolescence 62

5.3.4 Ethical Framework 63

5.4 Current Practice 65

5.5 Suggestions for a Framework for Good Practice 67

5.5.1 Setting 68

5.6 Summary and Conclusion 69

Appendix 5.A Proposed Framework, Based on Common Assessment Framework (Department of Schools Families and Children, 2007) 69

References 74

6 Principles of Physical Age Estimation 77
Sue Black and George Maat

6.1 Intra-uterine Growth and Development 79

6.2 Birth and Infancy 82

6.3 Childhood 83

6.4 Juvenile 85

6.5 Adolescence 85

6.6 Adult 86

6.7 Senescence 87

6.8 Summary 88

6.9 Growth Studies 89

References 91

7 Growth, Maturation and Age 95
Noël Cameron and Laura L. Jones

7.1 Growth, Maturation and Age 95

7.1.1 The Concept of Time 95

7.1.2 Maturity Indicators 98

7.1.3 Maturational Variation 99

7.1.4 Uneven Maturation 99

7.1.5 Sexual Dimorphism 100

7.1.6 Maturity and Size 100

7.2 Assessment of Maturation 101

7.2.1 Skeletal Maturity 101

7.2.2 Dental Maturity 101

7.2.3 Secondary Sexual Development 102

7.2.4 Independence of Methods 102

7.3 Secular Trends 102

7.4 Worldwide Variation in the Timing of Maturation 104

7.4.1 Secondary Sexual Development 104

7.4.2 Dental Development 109

7.4.3 Skeletal Development 109

7.5 Factors Associated with the Timing of Maturation 112

7.5.1 Genetic Variability 112

7.5.2 Demographic Factors 113

7.5.3 Biological Factors 114

7.5.4 Environmental Factors 116

7.6 Summary 120

References 120

8 Practical Imaging Techniques for Age Evaluation 130
Andreas Schmeling, Sven Schmidt, Ronald Schulz, Andreas Olze, Walter Reisinger and Volker Vieth

8.1 Introduction 130

8.2 Radiation Exposure in X-ray Examinations for the Purpose of Age Estimation 131

8.3 Radiological Examination of the Hand 133

8.4 Radiological Examination of the Teeth 138

8.5 Radiological Examination of the Clavicles 142

8.6 Summary and Conclusions 144

References 145

9 External Soft Tissue Indicators of Age from Birth to Adulthood 150
Anil Aggrawal, Puneet Setia, Avneesh Gupta, and Anthony Busuttil

9.1 Growth Patterns 151

9.2 Anthropometric Parameters in Children 151

9.2.1 Growth Charts 152

9.2.2 Developmental Milestones 159

9.2.2.1 Head Control 159

9.2.2.2 Rolling 159

9.2.2.3 Sitting 160

9.2.2.4 Gross Motor 160

9.2.2.5 Fine Motor 161

9.2.2.6 Social and cognitive 161

9.2.2.7 Speech and language 162

9.3 Pubertal Changes 162

9.3.1 Stages of Pubic Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962) 163

9.3.1.1 Pubic Hair Development in Males 164

9.3.1.2 Pubic Hair Development in Females 164

9.3.2 Stages of Axillary Hair Development Derived from Tanner (1962) 164

9.3.3 Stages of Development of Male Genitalia Derived from Tanner (1962) 166

9.3.3.1 Testicular Volume 166

9.3.3.2 Age of First Erection and Ejaculation 167

9.3.4 Stages of breast development as derived from Tanner (1962) 168

9.3.5 Age of Menarche 168

9.4 Areas of New Research 170

9.5 Conclusion 170

References 171

10 Age Evaluation and Odontology in the Living 176
Jane Taylor and Matthew Blenkin

10.1 Introduction 176

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