Against Anti-Semitism

Poland's relationship with its Jewish population has long been a subject of often agonizing debate. In September 1939, there were approximately 3.3 million Jews living in Poland, the largest population in Europe. In May 1945, between 40,000 and 60,000 remained. Most of the Nazi death camps had been located on Polish soil. The intertwined issues of wartime complicity and victimhood haunt Poland to this day, complicated by the unavoidable fact that anti-Semitism in Poland existed well before the outbreak of the Second World War, and has existed long after it. The deadly Kielce Pogrom in July 1946 appalled the world, since its victims were precisely those Jews who had miraculously survived annihilation. And while with the years physical violence against Jews diminished-if only because there were not many at whom to direct it-anti-Semitism has remained no less virulent, emerging as a force in Polish politics, religious life, and in society at large. A study undertaken in 2002 determined that one in nine Poles believed the Jews collectively responsible for the crucifixion of Christ. One in four claimed that Jews were secretly plotting to rule the world. Is anti-Semitism integral to Polish identity? Nowhere has this question been more the cause of soul-searching than in Poland itself. In this volume, Adam Michnik, one of Poland's foremost writers and intellectuals, and Agnieszka Marczyk have brought together the most significant essays of the twentieth century written by prominent Poles on Polish anti-Semitism, including by such writers and intellectuals as Czeslaw Milosz, Leszek Kolakowski, Jerzy Andrzejewski, and Tadeusz Mazowiecki. Taken from a three-volume original Polish edition, 3,000 pages in length and containing 320 entries, the essays, most of which have been translated into English here for the first time by Marczyk, resonate with Michnik's central argument-that anti-Semitism is not a given of Polish culture. It has been consistently challenged and rejected. Taken together, through their collective courage and wisdom, expressed even in moments when reason seemed lost, these essays and their authors remind readers not only of the destructive and self-destructive elements of anti-Semitism, but of the necessity of combatting it in all of its forms. Even some of the darkest parts of Polish history have produced moments of illumination.

Auteur

Adam Michnik is a historian and editor-in-chief of Poland's largest daily, Gazeta Wyborcza. He was a leader of the student antigovernment protests in 1968, a Solidarity activist in the 1980s, and a negotiator at the Round Table Talks in 1989. His books include Letters from Prison and In Search of Lost Meaning: The New Eastern Europe. Agnieszka Marczyk is a Fellow at the Foreign Policy Research Institute, where her work focuses on democratic citizenship and historical thinking skills. She is co-editor of Does Democracy Matter? The United States and Global Democracy Support.

Contenu

Introduction: Poland and Anti-Semitism Adam Michnik and Agnieszka Marczyk I. Prologue: 1900-1936 Jews - the 1920s Czeslaw Milosz II. 1936-1939: The Mustard Gas of Racism The Przytyk Market Stands Ksawery Pruszynski Annual Shame Maria Dabrowska III. 1939-1945: On Both Sides of The Wall Jews and Polish Commerce Kazimierz Wyka We, Polish Jews Julian Tuwim The Orchestration of Rage Michal M. Borwicz IV. 1945-1947: The Power of Ignorance The Power of Ignorance Mieczyslaw Jastrun The Problem of Polish Anti-Semitism Jerzy Andrzejewski With Kielce in the Background Stanislaw Ossowski Our Part (A Pessimist's Voice) Witold Kula V. 1956-1957: The Anti-Semitism of Kind and Gentle People Anti-Semites: Five Familiar Theses and a Warning Leszek Kolakowski From National Democrats to Stalinists Konstanty A. Jelenski Anti-Semitism Jerzy Turowicz The Anti-Semitism of Kind and Gentle People Tadeusz Mazowiecki VI. 1967-1969: Expulsion from Poland March 1968 and the So-Called Jewish Question in Poland after World War II Krystyna Kersten VII. 1970-1989: The Poor Poles Look At The Ghetto Jews as a Polish Problem Aleksander Smolar The Poor Poles Look at the Ghetto Jan Blonski VIII. After 1989: Toward Description and Diagnosis Polish-Jewish Relations 30 Years after the Publication of the "Nostra Aetate" Conciliar Declaration Rev. Archbishop Henryk Muszynski The Disgrace of Indifference Hanna Swida-Ziemba The Holocaust Maria Janion IX. 2001-2009: Against the Conformity of Silence The Burning Barn and I Waldemar Kuczynski Helplessness Jerzy Jedlicki