Advanced Electrode Materials

This book covers the recent advances in electrode materials and their novel applications at the cross-section of advanced materials. The book is divided into two sections: State-of-the-art electrode materials; and engineering of applied electrode materials. The chapters deal with electrocatalysis for energy conversion in view of bionanotechnology; surfactant-free materials and polyoxometalates through the concepts of biosensors to renewable energy applications; mesoporous carbon, diamond, conducting polymers and tungsten oxide/conducting polymer-based electrodes and hybrid systems. Numerous approaches are reviewed for lithium batteries, fuel cells, the design and construction of anode for microbial fuel cells including phosphate polyanion electrodes, electrocatalytic materials, fuel cell reactions, conducting polymer based hybrid nanocomposites and advanced nanomaterials.

Auteur

Ashutosh Tiwari is Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; Chairman and Managing Director of Tekidag AB (Innotech); Associate Professor and Group Leader, Smart Materials and Biodevices at the world premier Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, IFM-Linköping University; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; a materials chemist and docent in the Applied Physics with the specialization of Biosensors and Bioelectronics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has more than 100 peer-reviewed primary research publications in the field of materials science and nanotechnology and has edited/authored more than 35 books on advanced materials and technology.

Feliz Kuralay is currently at Ordu University, Turkey.

Lokman Uzun is an Associate Professor at the Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey where he also received his PhD in 2008. He is the author of more than 75 articles in peer-review journals and is the Assistant Editor of Hacettepe's Journal of Biology and Chemistry. He recently took up a fellowship with the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden. His research interest is mainly in materials science, surface modification, affinity interaction, polymer science, especially molecularly imprinted polymers and their applications in biosensors, bioseparation, food safety, and the environmental sciences.

Contenu

Preface xv

Part 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials

1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3
J. Sooducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zajc

1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 4

1.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 4

1.1.2 Graphene 6

1.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 6

1.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 7

1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8

1.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 9

1.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 11

1.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 12

1.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 12

1.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 13

1.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 15

1.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 16

1.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 16

1.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 17

1.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18

Acknowledgments 19

References 19

2 Diamond-based Electrodes 27
Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 28

2.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 30

2.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31

2.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31

2.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 32

2.4 Diamond Doping 33

2.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 34

2.4.2 Ion Implantation 37

2.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 37

2.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 39

2.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 39

2.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 40

2.6.3 Energy Technology 45

2.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 45

2.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 49

2.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 51

2.7 Conclusions 52

References 53

3 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61
Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz

3.1 Introduction 62

3.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 63

3.3 Electrochromic Devices 63

3.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 64

3.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 64

3.3.3 Switching Speed 65

3.3.4 Stability 65

3.3.5 Optical Memory 65

3.4 Transition Metal Oxides 67

3.5 Tungsten Oxide 67

3.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 69

3.7 Hybrid Materials 70

3.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 71

3.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95

Acknowledgments 99

References 99

Contents vii

4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103
Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh

4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 104

4.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 104

4.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 109

4.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 114

4.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 114

4.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 114

4.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 116

4.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the ElectrodeElectrolyte Interface 118

4.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 118

4.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 120

4.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 121 4.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Ch...