Active Interrogation in Nuclear Security

This volume constitutes the state-of-the-art in active interrogation, widely recognized as indispensable methods for addressing current and future nuclear security needs. Written by a leading group of science and technology experts, this comprehensive reference presents technologies and systems in the context of the fundamental physics challenges and practical requirements. It compares the features, limitations, technologies, and impact of passive and active measurement techniques; describes radiation sources for active interrogation including electron and ion accelerators, intense lasers, and radioisotope-based sources; and it describes radiation detectors used for active interrogation. Entire chapters are devoted to data acquisition and processing systems, modeling and simulation, data interpretation and algorithms, and a survey of working active measurement systems. Active Interrogation in Nuclear Security is structured to appeal to a range of audiences, including graduate students, active researchers in the field, and policy analysts.

• The first book devoted entirely to active interrogation
• Presents a focused review of the relevant physics
• Surveys available technology
• Analyzes scientific and technology trends Provides historical and policy context Igor Jovanovic is a Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at the University of Michigan and has previously also taught at Penn State University and Purdue University. He received his Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley and worked as physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Dr. Jovanovic has made numerous contributions to the science and technology of radiation detection, as well as the radiation sources for use in active interrogation in nuclear security. He has taught numerous undergraduate and graduate courses in areas that include radiation detection, nuclear physics, and nuclear security. At University of Michigan Dr. Jovanovic is the director of Neutron Science Laboratory and is also associated with the Center for Ultrafast Optical Science.

Anna Erickson is an Assistant Professor in the Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program of the G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. Previously, she was a postdoctoral researcher in the Advanced Detectors Group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Dr. Erickson received her PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a focus on radiation detection for active interrogation applications. Her research interests focus on nuclear non-proliferation including antineutrino analysis and non-traditional detector design and characterization. She teaches courses in advanced experimental detection for reactor and nuclear nonproliferation applications, radiation dosimetry and fast reactor analysis.

Auteur

Igor Jovanovic is a Professor of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences at the University of Michigan and has previously also taught at Penn State University and Purdue University. He received his Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley and worked as physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Dr. Jovanovic has made numerous contributions to the science and technology of radiation detection, as well as the radiation sources for use in active interrogation in nuclear security. He has taught numerous undergraduate and graduate courses in areas that include radiation detection, nuclear physics, and nuclear security. At University of Michigan Dr. Jovanovic is the director of Neutron Science Laboratory and is also associated with the Center for Ultrafast Optical Science.

Anna Erickson is an Assistant Professor in the Nuclear and Radiological Engineering Program of the G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology. Previously, she was a postdoctoral researcher in the Advanced Detectors Group at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Dr. Erickson received her PhD from Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a focus on radiation detection for active interrogation applications. Her research interests focus on nuclear non-proliferation including antineutrino analysis and non-traditional detector design and characterization. She teaches courses in advanced experimental detection for reactor and nuclear nonproliferation applications, radiation dosimetry and fast reactor analysis.

Contenu
Preface 1. Introduction 1.1. Historical perspective on nuclear security1.2. The problem of nuclear terrorism in the broader context of nuclear security1.3. The role of policy in nuclear security1.4. Overview of active measurements1.5. Overview of fielded AI systems and main challenges2. Measurement needs and challenges in nuclear security 2.1. Special nuclear material (SNM) and other material of relevance 2.2. Signatures of SNM2.3. Natural backgrounds2.4. Detection limits3. Features and limitations of passive measurements 3.1. Principles of passive measurements3.2. Magnitude of passive signatures3.3. Technology for passive measurements3.4. Limitations of passive measurements4. Foundations of active measurements 4.1. The active interrogation technique4.2. Comparison of active and passive measurement techniques4.3. Impact of active measurements on detectability4.4. Technology for active measurements4.5. Limitations of active measurements5. Radiation sources for active interrogation 5.1. General characteristics of AI probe technologies5.2. Linear accelerators and bremsstrahlung sources5.3. DD and DT portable neutron sources5.4. Laser-based radiation sources5.5. Ion accelerators and low-energy nuclear reactions5.6. Radioisotope sources5.7. Natural radiation background as an AI probe6. Detectors and measurement techniques 6.1. General characteristic of detectors for AI 6.2. Gamma-ray spectroscopy6.3. Thermal neutron detection6.4. Fast neutron detection and spectroscopy6.5. X-ray and gamma ray imaging6.6. Neutron imaging6.7. Other detector systems7. Data acquisition and processing systems 7.1. Analog systems7.2. Digital systems7.3. Data processing and storage8. Modeling and simulation 8.1. Analytical vs Monte Carlo techniques8.2. Standard Monte Carlo simulation frameworks8.3. Fidelity of Monte Carlo simulations8.4. Examples of modeling of active measurement systems9. Data interpretation and algorithms 9.1. Planar and tomographic imaging systems9.2. Principal component analysis and related methods9.3. Signature unfolding techniques 9.4. Advanced algorithms for distributed detection systems10. Examples of active measurement systems 10.1. Neutron activation analysis based techniques10.2. Rapiscan10.3. Nuclear Carwash10.4. Passport Systems10.5. Muon tomography systems10.6. Inverse Compton scattering prototype systems11. Radiation dose in various systems 11.1. Regulations of dose exposure 11.2. External dose assessment11.3. Cargo activation in active measurements11.4. Methods of dose reduction in active interrogation12. Science and technology trends13. Conclusion