Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering

Klappentext Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering provides a comprehensive coverage of the three primary types of materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers) and composites. Adopting an integrated approach to the sequence of topics, the book focuses on the relationships that exist between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This presentation permits the early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer's role in choosing materials based upon their characteristics. Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, the book presents material at an appropriate level for student comprehension.This International Adaptation has been thoroughly updated to use SI units. This edition enhances the coverage of failure mechanism by adding new sections on Griffith theory of brittle fracture, Goodman diagram, and fatigue crack propagation rate. It further strengthens the coverage by including new sections on peritectoid and monotectic reactions, spinodal decomposition, and various hardening processes such as surface, and vacuum and plasma hardening. In addition, all homework problems requiring computations have been refreshed. Zusammenfassung Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering provides a comprehensive coverage of the three primary types of materials (metals, ceramics, and polymers) and composites. Adopting an integrated approach to the sequence of topics, the book focuses on the relationships that exist between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This presentation permits the early introduction of non-metals and supports the engineer's role in choosing materials based upon their characteristics. Using clear, concise terminology that is familiar to students, the book presents material at an appropriate level for student comprehension.This International Adaptation has been thoroughly updated to use SI units. This edition enhances the coverage of failure mechanism by adding new sections on Griffith theory of brittle fracture, Goodman diagram, and fatigue crack propagation rate. It further strengthens the coverage by including new sections on peritectoid and monotectic reactions, spinodal decomposition, and various hardening processes such as surface, and vacuum and plasma hardening. In addition, all homework problems requiring computations have been refreshed. Inhaltsverzeichnis List of Symbols xix 1. Introduction 1 Learning Objectives 2 1.1 Historical Perspective 2 1.2 Materials Science and Engineering: Need of Its Study 3 Case Study 1.1-Cargo Ship Failures 6 1.3 Classification of Materials 7 Case Study 1.2-Carbonated Beverage Containers 12 1.4 Advanced Materials 14 1.5 Modern Materials' Needs 17 Summary 18 References 18 Questions and Problems 19 2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding20 Learning Objectives 21 2.1 Introduction 21 Atomic Structure 21 2.2 Fundamental Concepts 21 2.3 Electrons in Atoms 24 2.4 The Periodic Table 30 Atomic Bonding in Solids 32 2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 32 2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 34 2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 41 Materials of Importance 2.1-Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 44 2.8 Mixed Bonding 45 2.9 Molecules 46 2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 46 Summary 47 Equation Summary 48 List of Symbols 48 Important Terms and Concepts 49 References 49 Questions and Problems 49 3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 52 Learning Objectives 53 3.1 Introduction 53 Crystal Structures 54 3.2 Fundamental Concepts 54 3.3 Unit Cells 55 3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 55 3.5 Density Computations-Metals 61 3.6 Ceramic Crystal Stru...

Contenu

List of Symbols xix

1. Introduction 1

Learning Objectives 2

1.1 Historical Perspective 2

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering: Need of Its Study 3

Case Study 1.1-Cargo Ship Failures 6

1.3 Classification of Materials 7

Case Study 1.2-Carbonated Beverage Containers 12

1.4 Advanced Materials 14

1.5 Modern Materials' Needs 17

Summary 18

References 18

Questions and Problems 19

2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding20

Learning Objectives 21

2.1 Introduction 21

Atomic Structure 21

2.2 Fundamental Concepts 21

2.3 Electrons in Atoms 24

2.4 The Periodic Table 30

Atomic Bonding in Solids 32

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 32

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 34

2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 41

Materials of Importance 2.1-Water (Its Volume Expansion upon Freezing) 44

2.8 Mixed Bonding 45

2.9 Molecules 46

2.10 Bonding Type-Material Classification Correlations 46

Summary 47

Equation Summary 48

List of Symbols 48

Important Terms and Concepts 49

References 49

Questions and Problems 49

3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 52

Learning Objectives 53

3.1 Introduction 53

Crystal Structures 54

3.2 Fundamental Concepts 54

3.3 Unit Cells 55

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 55

3.5 Density Computations-Metals 61

3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 62

3.7 Density Computations-Ceramics 69

3.8 Silicate Ceramics 70

3.9 Carbon 73

3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 78

3.11 Crystal Systems 78

Material of Importance 3.1-Tin (Its Allotropic Transformation) 80

Crystallographic Points, Directions, and Planes 81

3.12 Point Coordinates 81

3.13 Crystallographic Directions 83

3.14 Crystallographic Planes 90

3.15 Linear and Planar Densities 96

3.16 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 97

Crystalline and Noncrystalline Materials 100

3.17 Single Crystals 100

3.18 Polycrystalline Materials 101

3.19 Anisotropy 101

3.20 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures 103

3.21 Noncrystalline Solids 108

Summary 110

Equation Summary 112

List of Symbols 113

Important Terms and Concepts 114

References 114

Questions and Problems 114

4. Polymer Structures 123

Learning Objectives 124

4.1 Introduction 124

4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 124

4.3 Polymer Molecules 127

4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 127

4.5 Molecular Weight 131

4.6 Molecular Shape 135

4.7 Molecular Structure 137

4.8 Molecular Configurations 138

4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 141

4.10 Copolymers 142

4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 143

4.12 Polymer Crystals 147

Summary 149

Equation Summary 150

List of Symbols 151

Important Terms and Concepts 151

References 151

Questions and Problems 152

5. Composites 155

Learning Objectives 156

5.1 Introduction 156

Particle-Reinforced Composites 158

5.2 Large-Particle Composites 159

5.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 162

Fiber-Reinforced Composites 163

5.4 Influence of Fiber Length 163

5.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 164

5.6 The Fiber Phase 173

5.7 The Matrix Phase 174

5.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 175

5.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 180

5.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 182

5.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites 183

5.12 Hybrid Composites 184

5.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 184

Structural Composites 188

5.14 Laminar Composites 188

5.15 Sandwich Panels 190

Case Study 5.1-Use of Composites in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner 192

5.16 Nanocomposites 193

Summary 195

Equation Summary 198

List of Symbols 199

Important Terms and Concepts 199

References 199

Questions and Problems 200

6. Imperfections in Solids 204

Learning Objectives 205

6.1 Introduction 205

Point Defects 206

6.2 Point Defects in Metals 206

6.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 207

6.4 Impurities in Solids 210

6.5 Point Defects in Polymers 215

6.6 Specification of Composition 215

Miscellaneous Imperfections 219

6.7 Dislocations-Linear Defects 219

6.8 Interfacial Defects 222

Materials of Importance 6.1-Catalysts (and Surface Defects) 225

6.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 226

6.10 Atomic Vibrations 226

Microscopic Exami…