Turbulent Fluxes Through the Sea Surface, Wave Dynamics, and Prediction

A primary aim of the NATO Science Committee since its estab lishment in 1958 has been to· further international scientific co operation among scientists from the member countries of the Alliance. Almost all fields of basic science have received sub stantial support for the purposes of enhancing exchange of inform ation, providing opportunities for advanced instruction and collaborative research. Up to 1977, more than 10,000 fellowships have been awarded to allow scientists to complete their scientific education in another country and more than 1,500 joint research projects involving scientists in at least two different countries per project have been financed by the Committee. In addition, more than 800 advanced study institutes have been held under NATO auspices which have allowed more than sixty thousand scientists to get together to hear leading scientists lecture on advanced research topics on the frontier of research of many disciplines and to discuss the most recent results of their research activi ties. The Science Committee also identifies specific areas as deserving special encouragement or preferential support for limited periods. A variety of mechanisms - research grants, study visits, conferences, etc. - is utilized to stimulate greater international activity. This effort is embodied in several individual programmes, each guided by a special programme panel of internationally eminent experts. Air-sea interaction is one of these programmes.

Texte du rabat

A primary aim of the NATO Science Committee since its estab­ lishment in 1958 has been to· further international scientific co­ operation among scientists from the member countries of the Alliance. Almost all fields of basic science have received sub­ stantial support for the purposes of enhancing exchange of inform­ ation, providing opportunities for advanced instruction and collaborative research. Up to 1977, more than 10,000 fellowships have been awarded to allow scientists to complete their scientific education in another country and more than 1,500 joint research projects involving scientists in at least two different countries per project have been financed by the Committee. In addition, more than 800 advanced study institutes have been held under NATO auspices which have allowed more than sixty thousand scientists to get together to hear leading scientists lecture on advanced research topics on the frontier of research of many disciplines and to discuss the most recent results of their research activi­ ties. The Science Committee also identifies specific areas as deserving special encouragement or preferential support for limited periods. A variety of mechanisms - research grants, study visits, conferences, etc. - is utilized to stimulate greater international activity. This effort is embodied in several individual programmes, each guided by a special programme panel of internationally eminent experts. Air-sea interaction is one of these programmes.

Résumé
In addition, more than 800 advanced study institutes have been held under NATO auspices which have allowed more than sixty thousand scientists to get together to hear leading scientists lecture on advanced research topics on the frontier of research of many disciplines and to discuss the most recent results of their research activi ties.

Contenu
Section 1 Fluxes Through the Air-Sea Interface.- Introductory Remarks to the Session on Sea-Surface Fluxes.- On the Structure of Convective Elements in the Air Near the Surface.- Marine Turbulent Boundary Layer Fluxes of Water Vapor, Sensible Heat and Momentum During Gate.- Eddy Fluxes of Momentum and Heat Measured Over the Atlantic Ocean in Gale Force Winds.- Estimation of the Fluxes Over the Ocean by the Covariance and Dissipation Methods.- Estimates of the Surface Fluxes Over the Ocean.- Experimental Study of Momentum Transfers, Heat, and Water Vapor Fluxes Under Different Stability Conditions.- Fluxes Through the Boundary Layers at an Air-Water Interface: Laboratory Studies.- On an Isotopie Method to Investigate Mass Transfer at an Air-Water Interface: The Dependence of Bulk Evaporation Coefficients on Water Surface Conditions.- Section 1.2: Gas and Particulate Transport.- Eddy Correlation Measurement of Sea-Air CO2 Flux.- Gas Exchange and Evaporation Studies in a Circular Wind Tunnel, Continuous Radon-222 Measurements at Sea, and Tritum/Helium-3 Measurements in a Lake.- Experimental Study of Wind Effects on Reaeration.- Mechanics of Multiphase Fluxes Over the Ocean.- Section 2 Non-Linear Dynamics of Surface Waves.- On the Dynamics of Steep Gravity Waves in Deep Water.- Section 2.1: Deep Water Waves.- The Dispersion Relation for Wind Waves in Decay Area.- Modulation of Centimetric Waves by Long Gravity Waves: Progress Report on Field and Laboratory Results.- Measurement of the Pressure and Velocity Field Below Surface Waves.- Whitecaps and Momentum Transfer.- Laboratory Experiments on the Interaction Between Surface Waves and Free Convection in Water.- Long Wave Short Wave Interaction.- On the Nonlinear Transfer of Energy in the Peak of a Gravity Wave Spectrum.- The Wave Wave Interaction Machine.- Section 2.2: Shallow Water Waves.- Non-Linear and Linear Bottom Interaction Effects in Shallow Water.- Section 3 Wind Wave Interaction.- Strong Interactions in Wind-Wave Fields.- Wind-Generated Water Surface Waves: The Laboratory Evidence.- Laboratory Studies on Wind-Wave Generation, Amplification and Evolution.- Wave-Pressure Correlation Measurements Over Growing Sea Waves with a Wave Follower and Fixed-Height Pressure Sensors.- The Bight of Abaco Pressure Experiment.- Observations of Nonlinear Processes in Surface Wave Generation.- Energy and Momentum Flux to Nonresonant Forced Waves.- Section 3.2: Effects of the Waves on the Atmospheric Boundary Layer.- Open Sea Simultaneous Observations of Air and Water Motions During Active Air-SeaInteractions.- Field Observations of Air Flow Above the Waves.- Models of Turbulent Airflow Above Idealised Water Waves.- The Potential Impact of SEASAT-A on the Study of the Planetary Boundary Layer Over the Ocean.- Section 4 Numerical Wave Prediction Models.- On the Application of Recent Energy Balance Investigations to Numerical Wave Prediction.- A Twenty-Year Northern Hemisphere Wave Spectral Climatology.- Seven Years of Routine Numerical Wave Prediction with the D.S.A. 5 Model.- A Depth-Dependent Wave Model for Operational Forecasting.- Parametrical Numerical Wave Prediction Tested in Wind Situations Varying in Space and Time.- A Numerical Model Hindcast of Severe Wave Conditions for the North Sea.- A Wind-Waves Prediction Model in the Adriatic Sea.- A Comparison of Parametric and Spectral Hurricane Wave Prediction Products.