Sedimentary Petrology

Authoritative, accessible, and updated introduction to sedimentary rocks for undergraduate students

Sedimentary Petrology provides readers with a concise account of sedimentary rock composition, mineralogy, texture, structure, diagenesis, and depositional environments. The new edition of this classic text incorporates the many technological and analytical advances of the last decade, revealing exciting details of processes such as microbial precipitation, how microporosity is created within mudrocks, and the chemical composition of foraminifera deposits, which can be a key indicator for changing seawater temperature.

This fourth edition offers a comprehensive update and expansion of the previous editions with a new set of illustrations, new references, and further reading. The new co-author Stuart Jones has brought his considerable expertise in clastic sedimentology to the rewritten chapters on sandstones and mudrocks. The addition of color images throughout the text will aid students immensely in their studies and petrographic fieldwork.

Sample topics covered in Sedimentary Petrology include:

• Advances in modeling and programming to simulate depositional-diagenetic conditions and controls which support field-lab descriptions and interpretations
• Ocean acidification and the demise of coral reefs, and the role of the oceans in carbon capture and storage
• Sedimentary ironstones and iron-formations, sedimentary phosphate deposits, coal, oil shale and petroleum, and cherts and siliceous sediments
• Limestones, evaporites, volcaniclastic sediments, sandstones, conglomerates, breccias, and the effects of microplastics on marine organisms

Aimed at undergraduates in geology and earth science, Sedimentary Petrology is an excellent teaching and learning resource for introductory courses in sedimentary rocks.

Auteur

Maurice E. Tucker graduated from Durham University and obtained his PhD from the University of Reading. He spent nearly 30 years at Durham University and is now a Visiting Professor at the University of Bristol. Stuart J. Jones graduated in Geology from Aberystwyth University and received his PhD from the University of Reading. He is currently an Associate Professor of Sedimentology at Durham University.

Contenu

Preface to Fourth Edition xiv

Preface to the Third Edition xv

Biographies xvi

1 Introduction: Basic Concepts and Approach 1

1.1 Introduction

1

1.2 Basic

Concepts 1

1.2.1 Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 1

1.2.2 Sedimentary Environments and Facies 2

1.2.2.1 Facies 2

1.2.2.2 Facies Models 2

1.2.3 Controls on Deposition: Tectonics, Climate and Sea Level 3

1.2.3.1 Climate 4

1.2.3.2 Sea Level 4

1.2.4 Stratigraphic Practice 5

1.2.5 Sequence Stratigraphy 7

1.2.5.1 Introduction 7

1.2.5.2 Accommodation and Sedimentation Rates 7

1.2.5.3 Scale and Order 8

1.2.5.4 Stratigraphic Sequences, Key Surfaces, Systems Tracts 8

1.2.5.5 Metre-Scale

Cycles, High-Frequency

Sequences, Parasequences 11

1.2.6 Diagenesis 13

1.3 Methodology

13

1.3.1 In the Field 13

1.3.2 In the Laboratory 15

1.3.3 The Sedimentological Literature 17

Further

Reading 18

2 Siliciclastic Sediments I: Sandstones, Conglomerates and Breccias 19

2.1 Introduction

19

2.2 Sediment

Texture 19

2.2.1 Grain Size and Grain-size

Parameters 21

2.2.1.1 Interpretation and Use of Grain-size

Analyses 26

2.2.2 Grain Morphology 27

2.2.3 Grain-surface

Texture 28

2.2.4 Grain Fabric 29

2.2.5 Textural Maturity 30

2.3 Sedimentary

Structures 31

2.3.1 Erosional Sedimentary Structures 31

2.3.2 Depositional Sedimentary Structures 34

2.3.2.1 Sediment Transport and Aqueous Flows 34

Contents

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viii Contents

2.3.2.2 Bedding and Lamination 39

2.3.2.3 Current Ripples, Dunes and Cross-Stratification 40

2.3.2.4 Flaser and Lenticular Bedding 44

2.3.2.5 Antidunes and Antidune Bedding 45

2.3.2.6 Wave-formed

Ripples and Cross-Lamination

45

2.3.2.7 Hummocky Cross-Stratification (HCS) 46

2.3.2.8 Wind Ripples, Dunes, Draas and Aeolian Cross-bedding

47

2.3.2.9 Graded Bedding 50

2.3.2.10 Mudcracks: Desiccation and Syneresis 51

2.3.3 Post-depositional

Sedimentary Structures 52

2.3.4 Biogenic Sedimentary Structures 56

2.4 Palaeocurrent

Analysis 60

2.4.1 Palaeocurrent Indicators 61

2.5 Detrital

Components of Siliciclastic Sediments 63

2.5.1 Rock Fragments 64

2.5.2 Quartz 65

2.5.3 Feldspars 67

2.5.4 Micas 69

2.5.5 Clay Minerals 69

2.5.6 Heavy Minerals 70

2.5.7 Other Detrital Components 71

2.5.8 Compositional Maturity 71

2.6 Classification

of Siliciclastic Sediments 72

2.6.1 Classification of Sandstones 72

2.6.2 Conglomerates and Breccias 75

2.6.2.1 Composition and Textures of Conglomerates 75

2.7 Petrography

and Origin of Principal Sandstone Types 77

2.7.1 Quartz Arenites 77

2.7.2 Arkoses 79

2.7.3 Litharenites 79

2.7.4 Greywackes 79

2.8 Sandstone

Composition, Provenance and Tectonic Setting 82

2.9 Sandstone

Diagenesis 84

2.9.1 Compaction and Pressure Dissolution 86

2.9.2 Silica Cementation 88

2.9.3 Carbonate Cementation 91

2.9.4 Feldspar Authigenesis 93

2.9.5 Clay-mineral

Authigenesis 93

2.9.6 Hematite Cementation and Pigmentation: Red Beds 97

2.9.7 Diagenetic Environments and Sequences 98

2.9.8 Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy 102

2.9.9 CO2 Sequestration into Sandstone Reservoirs 104

2.10 Porosity

and Permeability 104

2.11 Sediment

Routing Systems 108

2.12 Depositional

Environments of Sandstones and Coarser Clastics 110

2.12.1 Fluvial Systems and Facies 110

2.12.1.1 Alluvial Fan Facies 111

2.12.1.2 Meandering-stream

Facies 117

2.12.1.3 Anastomosing-stream

Facies 119

2.12.2 Desert Environments and Aeolian Sand Facies 121

2.12.3 Lacustrine Environments and Sandy Facies 122

2.12.4 Deltaic Environments and Facies 124

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Contents ix

2.12.4.1 River-dominated

Deltas 127

2.12.4.2 Wave-dominated

Deltas 128

2.12.4.3 Tide-dominated

Deltas 129

2.12.4.4 Ancient Deltas 130

2.12.4.5 Fan Deltas 130

2.12.5 Marine Shoreline Environments and Facies 131

2.12.5.1 Beach-barrier

Island and Strandplain Systems 131

2.12.5.2 Tidal Flats 135

2.12.5.3 Estuaries and Incised Valleys 135

2.12.6 Shallow-marine

Shelves, Epeiric Seas and Their Facies 136

2.12.6.1 Tidal Bedforms and Sand Sheets 136

2.12.6.2 Tidal Sand Banks 138

2.12.6.3 Non-tidal

Offshore Sand Bodies 138

2.12.7 Continental Margins and Deep-water

Basins 139

2.12.8 Glacial Environments 146

2.13 Facies

Sequences, Controls and Sequence Stratigraphy 148

2.13.1 Facies Sequences and Controls 148

2.13.2 Sequence Stratigraphy 149

References 151

Further Reading 164

3 Siliciclastic Sediments II: Mudrocks 166

3.1 Introduction

166

3.2 Textures

and Structures of Mudrocks 166

3.2.1 Nodules and Concretions 169

3.3 The

Colour of Mudrocks 173

3.4 Mineral

Constituents of Mudrocks 173

3.4.1 Clay Minerals 174

3.4.2 Quartz 177

3.4.3 Organic Matter 177

3.4.4 Other Constituents 177

3.5 The

Formation and Distribution of Clay Minerals in Modern Sediments 179

3.6 Diagenesis

of Clay Minerals and Mudrocks 181

3.6.1 Early (Shallow) Diagenesis 181

3.6.2 Burial (Deeper) Diagenesis 184

3.7 Mudrocks

and Their Depositional Environments 186

3.7.1 Residual Mudrocks and Soils 187

3.7.2 Detrital Mu…