Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies

Auteur

TODD A. CURTIS is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Classics at The University of Texas, Austin, where he regularly teaches courses on medical terminology and the history of medicine. He is the author of Anatomical Latin: A Programmed Approach to Learning the Grammar and Vocabulary of Anatomical Latin and numerous writings on genre and rhetoric in the Galenic Corpus.

Texte du rabat

New edition of an established, well-regarded, and evidence-based resource on the subject of renal nursing Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies explains the Greek and Latin origins of the roots, prefixes, and suffixes of terms used in "med-speak," the specialized language of medicine, science, and healthcare. By presenting medical terms in their historical context, this innovative textbook discusses relevant aspects of ancient Greek and Roman medical theories and practices while teaching students to apply principles of word analysis, synthesis, and pronunciation. Clear and accessible chapters-organized around the modern categories of body systems-contain thorough explanations of ancient medico-scientific culture, etymological notes, images, tables of vocabulary, and a range of exercises designed to increase student comprehension and retention. Divided into two units, the text first introduces the historical background of ancient Greek medicine and describes the principles of analyzing, constructing, pronouncing, and spelling medical terms. It then discusses Latin and Greek grammar and modern nomenclature in medicine, natural sciences, chemistry, and pharmacy. The second unit teaches the Greek and Latin prefixes, suffixes, roots, eponyms, and loan words relevant to the systems of the body: integumentary, musculoskeletal, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. Allowing instructors to teach medical terminology as a true classical civilizations course, this unique volume: Features the history of ancient Greek medicine and explains the ancient Greek and Latin origins of medical terms and how they came to have their current meaningCovers the loan words, eponyms, and the components of basic medico-scientific terms, providing topical tables of commonly used prefixes, suffixes, and rootsIncludes a list of common abbreviations and symbols used in medico-scientific writingTeaches abbreviated Latin grammatical paradigms necessary for anatomical taxonomyUses a programmed learning approach that features numerous activities and exercises, including analyzing and constructing terms, interpreting passages from medical notes and scientific journals, and identification and spelling questions Linking medical terms to the history, literature, and mythology of ancient culture, Greek and Latin Roots of Medical and Scientific Terminologies is an ideal introductory textbook for college-level medical terminology courses, particularly those taught by Classicists.

Contenu

To the Student xi

To the Instructor xiv

Acknowledgments xvi

About the Companion Website xvii

Unit I Basics of Medical and Scientific Terminology 1

1 The Historical Origins of Greek and Latin in Medical Terminology 3

Historical Origins of Greek in Medical Terminology 3

Historical Origins of Latin in Medical Terminology 5

Asclepius and the Symbols of Medicine 6

Famous Ancient Greek Physicians 9

Hippocrates 11

Galen 11

Some Suggested Readings 12

2 Greek and Latin Word Elements in Medical Terminology 13

Lessons from History: Aphorism 1.1 and Etymology 13

Some Suggested Readings 14

Etymological Terms 15

Eponym 15

Loan Word 15

Derivative 16

Compound Word 16

Inflection 16

Root 17

Prefix 18

Suffix 18

Combining Vowel and Combing Form 19

Usage of Combining Vowels 19

Elision 19

Assimilation 20

Vowel Gradation (Ablaut) 20

Semantics 22

Etymology and Semantics 22

Meaning via Word Analysis 22

Word Elements with Multiple Meanings 23

Synonyms 23

Homographs 24

Literal Meaning Versus Technical Definition 24

Spelling 24

The Greek Alphabet 24

Transliteration 25

Alternate Spellings of Greek Words 25

Alternate Spellings of Latin Words 26

Pluralization 27

Common Classical Plural Forms in Medico-Scientific English 27

Pronunciation 28

Phonetic Spelling 28

Guidelines for the Pronunciation of Medico-Scientific Terms 29

Vowels 29

Final Vowel 29

Diphthongs 30

Consonants 30

Consonant Clusters 31

Syllables 31

Stress 31

Pronunciation of Word Elements 32

Vocabulary 32

Prefixes 32

Greek Prefixes 33

Latin Prefixes 34

Suffixes 36

Greek Suffixes 37

Latin Suffixes 37

3 Anatomical Terminology 40

Lessons from History: Alexandrian Origins of Human Dissection and the Rise of Anatomical Latin 40

Some Suggested Readings 43

Latin Anatomical Nouns 43

Inflection 43

Case 43

Nominative Case 43

Genitive Case 43

Number 44

Gender 45

Declensions 45

Using Latin Dictionaries 46

Latin Nouns for General Parts of the Human Body 49

Greek Anatomical Nouns 57

Declensions 57

Greek Nouns in Anatomical Latin 58

Latin Anatomical Adjectives 62

Types of Latin Adjectives 62

1st and 2nd Declension-Type Adjectives 63

Third Declension-Type Adjectives 64

Comparative Adjectives 64

Creation of Latin Anatomical Adjectives 65

Latin Adjectives for Positions and Planes of the Body 65

4 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Terminology 70

Lessons from History: Celsus' Description of Greek Medicine 70

Some Suggested Readings 74

Vocabulary 75

Lessons from History: Celsus on the Preservation of Health 76

Some Suggested Readings 78

Vocabulary 78

Lessons from History: Celsus and the Diagnosis of Disease 80

Some Suggested Readings 82

Vocabulary 83

Lessons from History: Celsus and Ancient Greek Surgery 90

Some Suggested Readings 92

Surgical Compound Suffixes 92

Surgical Word Elements 94

Lessons from History: Hippocratic Epidemics and Progress Notes 95

Some Suggested Readings 96

SOAP Notes 96

5 Chemical and Pharmacological Terminology 98

Lessons from History: The Greek Alphabet and Modern Scientific Notation 98

Some Suggested Readings 99

Roman Numerals 101

Word Elements for Greek and Latin Numbers 101

Greek Cardinal Numbers 102

Greek Ordinal Numbers 103

Adverbs and Numbers 103

Latin Cardinal Numbers 104

Latin Ordinal Numbers 105

Lessons from History: The Four Classical Elements and the Elements of Chemistry 106

Some Suggested Readings 109

Etymological Explanations: Chemical Elements 109

Etymologies of Chemical Elements Derived from Greek 109

Etymologies of Chemical Elements Derived from Latin 112

Greek Mythological Characters and the Etymology of Modern Elements 112

Commonly Used Greek and Latin Word Elements in Chemical Terminology 115

Lessons from History: Ancient Greek Drugs and Modern Pharmaceutical Terminology 118

Some Suggested Readings 121

Etymological Explanations: The Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Prescriptions 121

Unit II Body Systems 125

6 Integumentary System 127

Lessons from History: Ancient and Modern Concepts of Skin and Its Appendages 127

Some Suggested Readings 130

Etymological Explanations: Common Terms and Word Elements for the Anatomy of the Integumentary System 130

Lessons from History: Hippocrates' On Ulcers and Dermatology 135

Some Suggested Readings 137

Etymological Explanations: Lesions 137

Lessons from History: Skin Color in Ancient Greek Medicine and Science 141

Some Suggested Readings 143

Vocabulary 143

Lessons from History: Terms for Skin Diseases in Ancient Greek and Modern Medicine 144

Some Suggested Readings 148

Lessons from History: Cosmetics and Plastic Surgery in Ancient Greek Medicine 150

Some …