Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Wood

Progress in wood chemistry has been related mainly to chemical wood pulping and bleaching and chemical utilization of wood and wood extractives. Meth ods of wood analysis were developed by Schorger (proximate analysis in 1917) and Dore (summative analysis in 1919), and standard methods based on Schorger's method, e.g., TAPPI standards (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), have been widely used for chemical analysis of woods in many countries. Thus it is generally known that wood is composed of about 50% cellulose, 20-35% of lignin, 15-25% of hemicelluloses, and variable amounts of extractives. Chemical characterization and efficient utilization of these wood components have been studied in laboratories of wood chemistry and technology in universities and government institutions. In the last decade, biochemistry and molecular biology of microorganisms, animals, and plants have greatly progressed. At the same time wood has been recognized as a unique renewable ecomaterial produced by trees using solar energy. In addition, many desirable properties of wood and wood components as biomaterial that affects physiology and psychology in humans have recently attracted attention.

Texte du rabat

The biochemistry and molecular biology of wood is important to elucidate the characteristics of wood as a biomaterial. For the understanding of the properties of wood and wood components, it is necessary to investigate the characterization of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of wood components, the differentiation of the cambium into phloem and xylem, and the mechanisms of the expression of these genes. The author gives an overview of the rapidly progressing research in the relatively new field of molecular biology of trees and wood.

Contenu
1 Structure and Functions of Wood.- 1.1 Microscopic Structure.- 1.2 Ultrastructure of Wood Cell Walls.- 1.3 Ultrastructure and Functions of Wood Cells.- 2 Primary Metabolism in Woody Plants.- 2.1 Primary and Secondary Metabolism.- 2.2 Photosynthesis.- 2.3 Photorespiration.- 2.4 Glycolysis.- 2.5 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.- 2.6 Pentose Phosphate Cycle.- 2.7 Glyoxylate Cycle.- 2.8 Nitrogen Metabolism.- 3 Genome Organization, Protein Synthesis, and Gene Expression.- 3.1 Genome Organization.- 3.2 Protein Synthesis.- 3.3 Gene Expression.- 3.4 Gene Expression in Plants.- 4 Biosynthesis of Wood Components.- 4.1 Chemical Composition of Wood.- 4.2 Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.- 4.3 Phenylpropane Derivatives.- 4.4 Lipids.- 4.5 Isoprenoids.- 5 Formation and Development of Wood Tissues.- 5.1 Development of Phloem and Xylem.- 6 Formation of Earlywood, Latewood, and Heartwood.- 6.1 Regulation of Formation of Earlywood and Latewood.- 6.2 Regulation of Heartwood Formation.- References.