Swimming and Flying in Nature

The Symposium on Swimming and Flying in Nature which was held at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California from July 8-12, 1974 was conceived with the objective of providing an interdisciplinary forum for the discussion of funda mental biological and fluid mechanical aspects of these forms of natura110comotion. It was the earnest hope of all concerned in the organization of the Symposium that the exchange of knowledge and interaction of ideas from the disciplines involved would stimu late new research in this developing field. If the liveliness of the discussion generated among the 250 or so participants is any measure, then this objective was fulfilled to a significant degree. These two companion volumes contain the manuscripts of the papers presented during the Symposium. It is hoped that this permanent record will serve to perpetuate the enthusiasm and active thought generated during those days in Pasadena. The first volume contains the proceedings of the first two days of the confer ence (Sessions I to IV) which concentrated on the locomotion of micro-organisms. The second volume (Sessions V to VIII) deals with the propulsion of larger fish, insects and birds. Professor Sir James Lighthill's Special Invited Lecture which opened the Symposium is contained in the second volume, rather than the first, since it deals with natural flight.

Contenu
of Volume 2.- Special Invited Lecture.- Aerodynamic aspects of animal flight.- Swimming of Larger Animals Part I.- Muscular and energetic aspects of fish swimming (Invited General Lecture).- The response of fish to shearing surfaces in the water.- The forces resisting locomotion in bluefish.- Speed, power, and drag measurements of dolphins and porpoises.- Efficiency of pectoral-fin propulsion of Cymatogaster aggregata.- Hydrodynamics of the body of Dytiscus marginalis (Dytiscidae Coleoptera).- Swimming energetics of the larval anchovy.- Swimming of planktonic Cyclops species (Copepoda, Crustacea): pattern, movements and their control.- Swimming of Larger Animals Part II.- Hydromechanical aspects of fish swimming (Invited General Lecture).- Lunate-tail swimming propulsion.- Laminar boundary-layer development and transition of fish-shaped bodies of revolution.- Hydrodynamic drag reduction due to fish slimes.- The swimming of slender fish-like bodies in waves.- Extraction of flow energy by fish and birds in a wavy stream.- Some hydrodynamical aspects of fish schooling.- Experimental studies of human swimming at the Netherlands Ship Model Basin.- Flight of Birds and Insects Part I.- Flapping flight and power in birds and insects, conventional and novel mechanisms (Invited General Lecture).- Hovering flight of the dragonfly Aeschna juncea L., kinematics and aerodynamics.- Non-steady-state aerodynamics of the flight of Encarsia formosa.- Aerodynamic forces and their calculation in insect flight.- On the mechanics of flight of small insects.- Insect aerodynamics near hovering.- Air flow and the flight of a noctuid moth.- Flight of Birds and Insects Part II.- Aerodynamics and energetics of vertebrate fliers (Invited General Lecture).- Hovering flight in the piedflycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca).- Flight metabolism of flying foxes.- On the efficiency increasing interaction of thrust producing lifting surfaces.- A note on flapping flight with surging.- Bird aerodynamic experiments.- The effect of span-wise variations in amplitude on the thrust-generating performance of a flapping thin wing.- Soaring birds as Maxwell demons.- Ornithopter aerodynamic experiments.- Author Index.