Statistical Inference

Use and misuse of statistics seems to be the signum temporis of past decades. But nowadays this practice seems slowly to be wearing away, and common sense and responsibility recapturing their position. It is our contention that little by little statistics should return to its starting point, i.e., to formalizing and analyzing empirical phenomena. This requires the reevalu ation of many traditions and the rejection of many myths. We hope that our book would go some way towards this aim. We show the sharp conflict between what is needed and what is feasible. Moreover, we show how slender are the links between theory and practice in statistical inference, links which are sometimes no more than mutual inspiration. In Part One we present the consecutive stages of formalization of statistical problems, i.e., the description of the experiment, the presentation of the aim of the investigation, and of the constraints put upon the decision rules. We stress the fact that at each of these stages there is room for arbitrariness. We prove that the links between the real problem and its formal counterpart are often so weak that the solution of the formal problem may have no rational interpretation at the practical level. We give a considerable amount of thought to the reduction of statistical problems.

Résumé
Use and misuse of statistics seems to be the signum temporis of past decades. In Part One we present the consecutive stages of formalization of statistical problems, i.e., the description of the experiment, the presentation of the aim of the investigation, and of the constraints put upon the decision rules.

Contenu
One. Formalization of statistical problems.- 1 Statistical description of empirical phenomena.- 1.1. Statistical spaces.- 1.2. Parameters and indices of probability distributions.- 1.3. Random variables and statistics.- 1.4. Observable events.- 1.5. Final remarks.- 2. A scheme of statistical problems.- 2.1. Formalization of the goal of research.- 2.2. Decision rules.- 2.3. Standard classes of statistical problems.- 2.4. Sufficient and prediction sufficient statistics.- 2.5. Reduction of a statistical problem.- 2.6. Final remarks.- Two. Selected theoretical topics.- 3. Discriminant analysis.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Probabilistic problems.- 3.3. Statistical problems.- 3.4. Class separability measures.- 3.5. Final remarks.- 4. Screening problems.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2.Probabilistic screening problems.- 4.3.Statistical screening problems in a normal model.- 4.4. Screening in a nonparametric model.- 4.5. Final remarks.- 5. Evaluation of stochastic dependence.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Dependence between two binary random variables.- 5.3. Dependence in case of bivariate distributions.- 5.4. Monotone dependence function.- 5.5. Codependence in a pair of random variables.- 5.6. Final remarks.- Three. Selected practical problems.- 6. Statistical problems of population genetics.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. The genetic structure of man and its relations with the phenotype.- 6.3. Genetic parameters of the human population.- 6.4. Estimation of gene probabilities for a single locus.- 6.5. Testing the Hardy-Weinberg hypothesis.- 6.6. Final remarks.- 7. Paternity proving.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Schemes of paternity recognition.- 7.3. A study of blood group traits.- 7.4. Anthropological evidence.- 7.5. Final remarks.- 8. Studies on sister cells.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. Study of a population of pairs of objects.- 8.3. Sister cells as an experimental system.- 8.4. Investigation of Chilodonella steini (Ciliata, Kinetophragminophora)sister cells.- 8.5. Sister systems in investigations of the cell cycle.- 8.6. Final remarks.- 9. Survival analysis for censored data.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. A model of random censorship.- 9.3. The KaplanMeier estimator.- 9.4. Main asymptotic properties of the KM estimator.- 9.5. A two-sample problem for censored data.- 9.6. Final remarks.- 10. Latent variables in experimental psychology.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Typical experimental schemes.- 10.3. Inference in parametric models.- 10.4. Inference in nonparametric models.- 10.5. Final remarks.- 11. Queueing models of computer systems.- 11.1. Introduction.- 11.2. A queueing model.- 11.3. Analysis of the model.- 11.4. System parameter estimation.- 11.5. Final remarks.- Closing remarks.- Appendix. Algorithms for evaluating monotone dependence function and screening threshold.- A.1. Introduction.- A.2. Algorithm for evaluating monotone dependence function for a bivariate discrete distribution /J. ?wik, A. Kowalski.- A.3. Algorithm for evaluating monotone dependence function for an empiricaldistribution based on a raw sample /J. ?wik, A. Kowalski.- A.4. Algorithm for evaluating screening threshold /J. ?wik.- References.