Hydraulics and Pneumatics in Environmental Engineering

Auteur

S. David Graber is a Consulting Engineer with years of experience contributing to civil and environmental engineering projects. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Civil Engineers and a Life Member of the Water Environment Federation, and has published widely on hydraulics, pneumatics, and related subjects.

Texte du rabat

"Hydraulics and pneumatics play a pivotal role in shaping the design, maintenance, and optimization of systems responsible for managing water and air resources. Hydraulics, with its focus on the behavior of fluids at rest or in motion, is integral to projects like water distribution, wastewater treatment, and flood control. Pneumatics, centered on the properties and applications of compressible gas, informs designs of air pollution control systems and aids in understanding gas exchanges in natural ecosystems. Together, these disciplines ensure that environmental engineering solutions are efficient, sustainable, and responsive to the unique challenges posed by natural and built environments."--

Contenu

About the Author xv

Preface xvi

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Role of Hydraulics and Pneumatics in Environmental Engineering Design 1

1.2 Scope, Organization, and Approach 2

1.3 Fluid Flow Phenomena 3

1.4 Definitions and Classifications of Flows 5

1.5 Viscosity 6

1.6 Dimensional Units and Notation 8

2 Mass, Momentum, and Energy 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Closed Systems and Control Volumes 9

2.3 Conservation of Mass 10

2.4 Linear Momentum 15

2.5 Moment of Momentum 17

2.6 Conservation of Energy 19

2.7 Differential Equations for Pipe and Channel Flows 27

3 Navier-Stokes, Dissipation Function, and G-Value 33

3.1 Introduction 33

3.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 33

3.3 Dissipation Function 37

3.4 Critical Review of G-Value Theory 39

4 Analytical Solutions of the Navier-Stokes and Related Equations 41

4.1 Introduction 41

4.2 Potential Flow, Zero Slip, Boundary Layers, and Prandtl's Synthesis 41

4.3 Potential Flow Solutions 47

4.4 Laminar Flow Solutions 50

4.5 Creeping Flow 56

4.6 Flow through Porous Media 58

4.7 Turbulence, Separation, and Secondary Currents 59

5 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude 63

5.1 Introduction 63

5.2 Fundamentals 63

5.3 Reduction of Experimental Data 64

5.4 Generalized Numerical Solution of Differential Equations 67

6 Incompressible Flow in Pressure Conduits 83

6.1 Introduction 83

6.2 Steady Flow in Pressure Conduits 83

6.3 Simple Changes in Cross Section 87

6.4 Branching Flows 92

6.5 Valves and Other Appurtenances 98

6.6 Pipe Networks 116

6.7 Time-Varying Flow 120

7 Flow in Open Channels 137

7.1 Introduction 137

7.2 Critical Flow Conditions 137

7.3 Uniform-Flow Conditions 158

7.4 Subcritical Flow 161

7.5 Supercritical Flow 166

7.6 Sewer Transitions, Junctions, and Drops 180

7.7 Culverts and Related Outlet Structures 183

7.8 Outfall Structures and Scour Protection 190

7.9 Time-Varying Flow 205

8 Pumping, Equalization, and Waterhammer 207

8.1 Introduction 207

8.2 Centrifugal Pumps 207

8.3 Positive-Displacement Pumps 215

8.4 Miscellaneous Types of Pumps 217

8.5 Equalization 218

8.6 Waterhammer 222

8.7 Wet Wells 256

8.8 Stormwater Pumping Station Design 257

9 Compressible Fluid Flow 265

9.1 Introduction 265

9.2 Gas Properties 265

9.3 Constant Flow in Pipes 277

9.4 Flow Meters: Venturi Tubes, Flow Nozzles, Orifices 288

9.5 Blowers and Compressors 298

10 Concepts of Spatially Varied Flow 307

10.1 Introduction 307

10.2 Background 307

10.3 Spatially Varied Free-Surface Flows 308

10.4 Relation Between Momentum and Energy Formulations 312

10.5 Difference Formulation 314

10.6 Spillway Flow 315

10.7 Recapitulation 317

11 Distribution Conduits 319

11.1 Introduction 319

11.2 Distribution Principle 319

11.3 Spatially Decreasing Flows in Distribution Conduits 327

11.4 Slope Invariance for Pressure Conduits 338

11.5 Kármán Vortex Street 341

12 Collection Conduits 347

12.1 Introduction 347

12.2 Rectangular Channels 348

12.3 Nonrectangular Channels with Constant Top Width 353

12.4 Prismatic Channels with Varying Top Width 354

12.5 Conduits with Spatially-Increasing Flow 362

12.6 Numerical Solutions 370

12.7 Street Gutters and Grates 378

13 Sediment Transport: Flow of Sludges and Slurries 389

13.1 Introduction 389

13.2 Limiting Velocity Concepts 389

13.3 Induced Circulation in Channels 394

13.4 Pressure Drop in Sludge and Slurry Flows 404

13.5 Drag Reduction in Conduits 405

14 Process Applications 407

14.1 Introduction 407

14.2 Basic Reactor Concepts 407

14.3 Sedimentation and Thickening 408

14.4 Mixing 415

14.5 Chemical Contact 419

14.6 Flocculation and Floc Breakup 424

14.7 Aeration and Postaeration 428

14.8 Filtration and Fluidized Beds 438

14.9 Washwater Trough External Flow 447

15 Introduction to Hydraulic Aspects of Natural Systems 451

15.1 Introduction 451

15.2 Rivers 451

15.3 Lakes, Ponds, and Freshwater Wetlands 460

15.4 Estuaries 473

15.5 Ocean Waters 477

15.6 Groundwater 479

References 495

Index 521