Oil and Gas Pipelines, Multi-Volume

Auteur

R. Winston Revie, PhD, received his PhD from MIT, M.Eng. (Materials) from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and B.Eng (Metallurgical) from McGill University. He enjoyed a 33-year career at the CANMET Materials Technology Laboratory, Ottawa, Canada, from 1978 to 2011, as scientist, project leader, and program manager for pipeline technology. He is a Past President of the Metallurgical Society of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, a Past President of the NACE Foundation of Canada, and a Past Director of NACE International. He received the Distinguished Technical Achievement Award of NACE International in 2004 and has received Fellow honors from CIM (1999), NACE International (1999), ASM International (2003), and The Electrochemical Society (2012) among other awards for his work.

Texte du rabat

"Oil and gas pipelines are most commonly used to transport oil and gas, and can also be used to transport ethanol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen. While an extensive pipeline network is an efficient and safe method of transporting petroleum and other products, several hazards and incidents, such as gas leaks, have raised environmental and social concerns. In response, more attention has been given to pipeline integrity management as a means for assessing and mitigating pipeline risks. Maintenance, repair, and monitoring of aging pipeline systems are integral for their continued operation and safety. The evolution of the pipeline industry has experienced many recent developments as a result of engineering advances, new standards and regulations, environmental requirements, and the demand for pipeline security and energy security during the energy transition"--

Contenu

CONTENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

PREFACE

PART I DIGITALIZATION OF PIPELINES

1 Digital Future of Pipeline Integrity

Gaurav Singh

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Digital Integrity Framework

1.3 Fast Forward Digital Future Technologies

1.4 Technology Transition with Energy Transition

References

2 Cybersecurity and Safety Implications of Pipelines

Ben Miller and Jason Christopher

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Defining Industrial Cybersecurity

2.3 The Industrial Cybersecurity Challenge

2.4 Industrial Intrusion Case Studies - A Short History

2.5 Industrial Cybersecurity Considerations for Pipeline Operations

2.6 The Five ICS Cybersecurity Critical Controls

2.7 Getting Started: Common High-Impact Scenarios for Pipeline Operations

2.8 Conclusion

References

3 Practical Applications of Machine Learning to Pipeline Integrity

Michael Gloven

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Machine Learning Fundamentals

3.3 Supervised Learning - Classification

3.4 Supervised Learning - Regression

3.5 Unsupervised Learning

3.6 Final Thoughts

3.7 Summary

References

Bibliography

4 Pipeline Corrosion Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning

Khairul Chowdhury, Binder Singh, and Shahidullah Kawsar

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Background

4.3 Analysis Tool: Automated Predictive Analytics Computation Systems

4.4 Problem Example: Predicting Failure by External and Internal Corrosion

4.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

PART II DESIGN

5 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines in a Low-Carbon Economy

Daniel Sandana

5.1 Introduction

5.2 CCUS: An Enabler of Decarbonization

5.3 Transportation of CO2 by Pipeline: Operations

5.4 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Key Integrity Challenges

5.5 Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines

References

6 Pipeline Integrity Management Systems (PIMS)

Katherine Jonsson, Ray Goodfellow, Douglas Evans, and Chitman Lutchman

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Lessons Learned and the Evolution of Pipeline Integrity

6.3 Regulatory Requirements

6.4 What is a PIMS?

6.5 Core Structure and PIMS Elements

6.6 PIMS Function Map

6.7 Plan: Strategic and Operational

6.8 Do: Execute

6.9 Check: Assurance and Verification

6.10 Act: Management Review

6.11 Culture

6.12 Summary

References

7 SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

Rumi Mohammad, Ian Verhappen, and Ramin Vali

7.1 Introduction

7.2 SCADA Computer Servers

7.3 SCADA Computer Workstations

7.4 Hierarchy

7.5 Runtime and Configuration Databases

7.6 Fault Tolerance

7.7 Redundancy

7.8 High Availability

7.9 Human Factors Design in SCADA Systems

7.10 Alarm Rationalization, Management, and Analysis

7.11 Incident Review and Replay

7.12 Data Quality

7.13 Operator Logbook and Shift Handover

7.14 Training

7.15 SCADA Security

7.16 Cybersecurity

7.17 SCADA Standards

7.18 Pipeline Industry Applications

7.19 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence

7.20 Communication Media

7.21 Communications Infrastructure

7.22 Communications Integrity

7.23 RTUs and PLCs

7.24 Database

7.25 User-Defined Programs

7.26 RTU/PLC Integrity

7.27 Safety Systems

7.28 IOT/IIOT

7.29 Electrical Classification Compliance

Acronyms, Abbreviations, Terms

Bibliography

8 Material Selection for Fracture Control

William Tyson

8.1 Overview of Fracture Control

8.2 Toughness Requirements: Initiation

8.3 Toughness Requirements: Propagation

8.4 Toughness Measurement

8.5 Current Status

References

9 Strain-Based Design of Pipelines

Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi

9.1 Introduction and Basic Concepts

9.2 Strain Demand

9.3 Strain Capacity

9.4 Role of Full-Scale and Curved Wide Plate Testing

9.5 Summary

References

10 Stress-Based Design of Pipelines

Mavis Sika Okyere

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Design Pressure

10.3 Design Factor

10.4 Determination of Components of Stress

10.5 Fatigue

10.6 Expansion and Flexibility

10.7 Corrosion Allowance

10.8 Pipeline Stiffness

10.9 Pipeline Ovality

10.10 Minimum Pipe Bend Radius

10.11 Pipeline Design for External Pressure

10.12 Check for Hydrotest Conditions

10.13 Summary

Appendix 10.A: Case Study

References

11 Spiral Welded Pipes for Shallow Offshore Applications

Ayman Eltaher

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Limitations of the Technology Feasibility

11.3 Challenges of Offshore Applications

11.4 Typical Pipe Properties

11.5 Technology Qualification

11.6 Additional Resources

11.7 Summary

References

12 Residual Stress in Pipelines

Douglas Hornbach and Paul Prevéy

12.1 Introduction

12.2 The Influence of Residual Stresses on Performance

12.3 Residual Stress Measurement

12.4 Control and Alteration of Residual Stresses

12.5 Case Studies of the Effect of Residual Stress and Cold Work

References

13 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Modeling in Support of Pipeline Engineering Design and Integrity

Shawn Kenny and Paul Jukes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Site Characterization and Geotechnical Engineering in Relation to Pipeline System Response Analysis

13.3 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Analysis and Design

Acknowledgments

References

14 Human Factors

Lorna Harron

14.1 Introduction

14.2 What Is "Human Factors"?

14.3 The Human in the System

14.4 Life Cycle Approach to Human Factors

14.5 Human Factors and Decision Making

14.6 Application of Human Factors Guidance

14.7 Heuristics and Biases in Decision Making

14.8 Human Factors Contribution to Incidents in the Pipeline Industry

14.9 Human Factors Life Cycle Revisited

14.10 Tools and Methods

14.11 Summary

References

Bibliography

PART III NONMETALLIC PIPELINES

15 Nonmetallic Composite Pipelines

Niels Grigat, Stephan Koß, Ben Vollbrecht, Tim Mölling, Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum, and Thomas Gries

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Materials

15.3 Manufacturing

15.4 Applications

15.5 Conclusion

References

PART IV MANUFACTURE, FABRICATION, AND CONSTRUCTION

16 Microstructure and Texture Development in Pi…