LGBTQ+ and Healthcare in America

Considers the issues that impact healthcare for LGBTQ+ Americans today and the negative influences that disproportionately affect the well-being of these communities, and presents a path forward to making needed improvements. The health of LGBTQ+ Americans is affected by many historical achievements and failures, societal influences, economic disparities, cultural shifts, and political divisions that can greatly impact the world of medicine, especially given the COVID-19 pandemic. Each chapter examines these issues to identify the systemic factors and enduring consequences impacting these communities. First-hand accounts from LGBTQ+ individuals impacted by healthcare challenges are included between chapters through "In their Words" perspective essays. An extensive chronology of relevant people, events, and legislation places this topic in historical context and outlines the evolution of healthcare challenges as they relate to sexuality and gender identity. Intended to be an encompassing reference for high school students, college students, and general readers alike, this overview not only explores the historical and contemporary complexities of this topic, but also proposes solutions for improvement and pathways to advocacy.>

Auteur
R. K. Devlin is an independent scholar in the USA. She holds a BS in exercise physiology, an MBS in biomechanics, and an MD with specialization in infectious diseases.

Contenu
PREFACE CHRONOLOGY 1. ISSUES AFFECTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE Historical Context Current Status Minority Stress Societal Disapproval Familial Rejection and Neglect Religious Persecution Harassment, Bullying, and Verbal Abuse Physical and Sexual Assault School and Workplace Discrimination Education Employment Microaggressions and Unfair Treatment Barriers Affecting Access to Healthcare Medical Provider Intimidation Insufficient Number of LGBTQ+-Competent Providers Increased Strain on Existing LGBTQ+ Providers Lack of Insurance Coverage and Cost Issues Other Barriers to Access Homelessness Part-Time Employment or Unemployment Poverty Transportation Future Considerations Educational and Workplace Reform Revised Healthcare Institution Policies and Procedures Targeted Healthcare Provider and Staff Education Ongoing Advocacy and Legislative Action Expanded Public Health Initiatives Inclusive Scientific Research IN THEIR WORDS: We Are Enough by Lex Meelker M.D. 2. TRANSGENDER AND GENDER-DIVERSE HEALTHCARE Historical Context Current Status Gender Minority Stress Societal Disapproval Familial Rejection and Neglect Religious Persecution Harassment, Bullying, and Verbal Abuse Physical and Sexual Assault School and Workplace Discrimination Education Employment Microaggressions and Unfair Treatment Barriers Affecting Access to Healthcare Insufficient Legal and Political Protections Missing or Inaccurate Identity Documents Lack of Insurance Coverage or Cost Issues Provider Ignorance and Harassment Specific Health Disparities Bone Disease Cancer Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Effects of Emotional, Physical, and Sexual Violence Mental Health Sexually Transmitted Infections Substance Misuse and Abuse Gender-Affirming Treatments Nonsurgical Medical Treatments Surgical Interventions Male-to-Female Female-to-Male Future Considerations Educational and Workplace Reform Revised Healthcare Institution Policies and Procedures Targeted Healthcare Provider and Staff Education Ongoing Advocacy and Legislative Action Expanded Public Health Initiatives Inclusive Scientific Research IN THEIR WORDS: The Consequences of Inadequate Data Collection for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity by Dr. Jay Knight 3. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) AND ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME (AIDS) Historical Context Current Status Disease Process Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Screening Prevention of HIV Infection Risk-Reduction Counseling and Harm-Reduction Interventions Condom Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Circumcision Targeted Screening of Pregnant Women Treatment of STIs and Opioid Addiction Future Considerations Early Diagnosis and Detection of Clusters Rapid and Effective Treatment Improved Health Outcomes and Reduced Health Disparities Ongoing Prevention Strategies IN THEIR WORDS: Getting Clean While HIV Positive by Charles Lisée 4. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES Sexual Health Common Sexually Transmitted Infections Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Syphilis Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Trichomoniasis Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases Chancroid Granuloma Inguinale Mycoplasma genitalium Public Lice Other Infectious Diseases Bacterial Vaginosis Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Meningococcal Disease Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Mpox Virus Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Shigella Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Tuberculosis Transmission Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Prevention of STIs and Other Infectious Diseases Screening for Infection Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Hepatitis C Virus Herpes Simplex Virus Human Papilloma Virus Syphilis Trichomoniasis Tuberculosis Behavior Education and Counseling Condom Use Hygienic Practices Pre-Exposure Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Vaccination Hepatitis A Virus Hepatitis B Virus Human Papilloma Virus Meningococcal Disease Mpox Virus Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Adequate Identification and Treatment for Sex Partners Future Considerations Revised Sexual Health Paradigm Consistent and Correct Condom Use Compliance with Vaccination and Doxy-PEP Web-Based Prevention Programs IN THEIR WORDS: How I Found a Healthcare Provider Who Is An LGBTQ+ Ally by Paul Wright 5. CHRONIC DISEASES AND SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS Chronic Diseases Cancer Diabetes Heart Disease and Stroke Depression and Anxiety Overweight and Obesity Eating Disorders Substance Use Disorders Alcohol Cannabis Hallucinogens Inhalants Opioids Sedative-Hypnotics and Anxiolytics Stimulants Tobacco Use and Vaping Cancer Childhood Illnesses Diabetes Heart Disease and Stroke Lung Disease Pregnancy Complications Future Considerations IN THEIR WORDS: March 28, 2019 by Zoey Ann O'Brien 6. LEGAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES AFFECTING LGBTQ+ HEALTHCARE Previous Court Cases of Significance One, Inc. v. Olesen U.S. Supreme Court Case Rover v. Evans U.S. Supreme Court Case Lawrence v. Texas U.S. Supreme Court Case Howard v. Child Welfare Agency Review Board Court Case Schroer v. Library of Congress Court Case United States v. Windsor U.S. Supreme Court Case Obergefell v. Hodges U.S. Supreme Court Case Bostock v. Clayton County U.S. Supreme Court Case Federal Legislation of Significance Existing Federal Legislation Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) Pending Federal Legislation Customer Non-Discrimination Act Do No Harm Act Equality Act Fair and Equal Housing Act FAMILY Act Health Equity and Accountability Act Healthy Families Act Jabara-Heyer NO HATE Act John Lewis Every Child Deserves a Family Act Lower Costs, More Transparency Act PrEP Access and Coverage Act Real Education and Access for Healthy Youth Act REPEAL HIV Discrimination Act Safe Schools Improvement Act Therapeutic Fraud Prevention Act Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act State Legislation of Concern Health…