Adaptation to Altitude-Hypoxia in Vertebrates

Adaptation to altitude hypoxia is characterized by a variety offunctional changes which collectively facilitate oxygen trans port from the ambient medium to the cells of the body. All of these changes can be seen at one time or another in the course of hypoxic exposure. Yet, as already stressed (Hannon and Vogel, 1977), an examination of the literature gives only a sketchy and often conflicting picture of the exact nature of these changes and how they interact as a function of exposure duration. This is partly because of the limited number of variables explored in a given study, but it is also attributable to differences in experimental design, differences among species in susceptibility to hypoxia, nonstandardized experimental conditions, lack of proper control of physical (e. g. , temperature) and physiological variables (e. g. , body mass), failure to take measurements at key periods of exposure, and gaps in knowledge about some fundamental mechanisms. Furthermore the available data on animals native to high altitude are meager and/or inconclusive. Extensive further work under well-controlled experimental conditions is required before a detailed picture can be made. Nevertheless, it has been a guiding principle in the prepara tion of this monograph rather to summarize the vastly dis persed material that constitutes the comparative physiology of adaptation to high altitude into a coherent picture, than to provide a comprehensive survey of the field.

Contenu

1. General Introduction.- 1.1 High Altitude.- 1.2 Adaptations.- 1.3 A Comparative Account of Respiratory Processes.- 2. The Respiratory Gas Exchange System and Energy Metabolism Under Altitude Hypoxia.- 2.1 Concept of Conductance.- 2.2 The O2 and CO2 Cascades.- 2.3 Energy Expenditure and O2 Availability.- 3. Ventilatory Adaptations.- 3.1 Major Features.- 3.2 Mediation.- 3.3 Efficiency.- 3.4 Concluding Remarks.- 4. Circulatory Adaptations.- 4.1 An Overview.- 4.2 Blood O2 Capacitance.- 4.3 Blood Flow.- 4.4 Summary.- 5. Diffusive Processes.- 5.1 Basic Considerations.- 5.2 Diffusion Across the Eggshell.- 5.3 Complex Gas/Blood O2 Transfer.- 5.4 MaternalFetal O2 Transfer.- 5.5 Tissue O2 Diffusion.- 5.6 Summary.- 6. Biochemical Changes.- 6.1 Oxygen Utilization in Cells.- 6.2 Bioenergetic Adaptations.- 6.3 Nonbioenergetic Adaptations.- 6.4 Concluding Remarks.- References.