This is Technology Ethics

An approachable introduction to the philosophical study of ethical dilemmas in technologyIn the Technology Age, innovations in medical, communications, and weapons technologies have given rise to many new ethical questions: Are technologies always value-neutral tools? Are human values and human prejudices sometimes embedded in technologies? Should we merge with the technologies we use? Is it ethical to use autonomous weapons systems in warfare? What should a self-driving car do if it detects an unavoidable crash? Can robots have morally relevant properties?This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction provides an accessible overview of the sub-field of philosophy that focuses on the ethical implications of new technologies. Requiring no previous background in the subject, this reader-friendly volume explores ethical questions concerning artificial intelligence, robots, self-driving cars, brain implants, social media and communication technologies, and more. Throughout the book, clear and engaging chapters describe and discuss key discussions, issues, and themes while inviting readers to develop their own perspectives on a wide range of moral and ethical questions. Discusses how various technologies influence and shape individuals and society both positively and negatively Illustrates how emerging technologies affect traditional ideas about ethics and human self-understanding Addresses the ethical complications of creating technologies that may lead to morally problematic consequences Considers if the benefits of new technologies outweigh potential drawbacks, such as how people interact online through social media Explores how established moral and ethical theories relate to new questions concerning advanced technologies Part of the popular This is Philosophy series published by Wiley-Blackwell, This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction is a must-read for undergraduate students taking a Technology Ethics course, researchers in the field, engineers, technology professionals, and general readers looking to learn more about the topic....

Auteur

SVEN NYHOLM is Professor of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, a member of the Ethics Advisory Board of the Human Brain Project, and an Associate Editor of Science and Engineering Ethics. He is the author of Humans and Robots: Ethics, Agency, and Anthropomorphism and Revisiting Kant's Universal Law and Humanity Formulas.

Texte du rabat

Should a robot that looks and acts like us be treated with the same moral consideration as a human being? Are technologies morally neutral, or do they have human values and prejudices embedded in them? Should we physically merge with the technologies we use? Is it ethical to use autonomous weapons systems in warfare? What if the artificial intelligence we develop gets out of control? Who is responsible? What should we do about it? This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction offers an engaging and approachable introduction to the philosophical study of ethical dilemmas in technology. Author Sven Nyholm explores an array of ethical questions concerning robots, self-driving cars, brain implants, social media, communication technologies, self-learning machines, and more. Requiring no previous background in the subject, this easily accessible volume describes key discussions, issues, and themes and invites you to develop your own perspectives on the ethical implications of creating technologies that may lead to morally problematic consequences. This is Technology Ethics: An Introduction is a must-read for undergraduate students taking a Technology Ethics course, academic researchers in the field, scientists and engineers, technology professionals, and general readers wanting to explore the ways emerging technologies are changing the way we think about ethics and morality.

Contenu

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

1 What is Technology (From an Ethical Point of View)? 1

1.1 A Hut in the Black Forest 1

1.2 The Question Concerning Technology: The Instrumental Theory of Technology from Martin Heidegger to Joanna Bryson 3

1.3 "Post- Phenomenology" and the Mediation Theory of Technology 7

1.4 Technologies Conceived of as Being More Than Mere Means or Instruments 11

1.5 Technologies Regarded as Moral Agents 13

1.6 Technologies Regarded as Moral Patients 16

1.7 Some of the Key Types of Technologies That Will Be Discussed at Greater Length in Later Chapters of the Book 19

Annotated Bibliography 24

2 What is Ethics? (and, in Particular, What is Technology Ethics)? 25

2.1 Two Campaigns 25

2.2 The Ethics of Virtue and Human Flourishing in Ancient Greece 28

2.3 Ancient Chinese Confucianism and Traditional Southern African Ubuntu Ethics 32

2.4 Kantian Ethics 36

2.5 Utilitarianism and Consequentialist Ethical Theories 39

2.6 If Ethics More Generally Can Be All the Things Discussed in the Previous Sections, then What Does this Mean for Technology Ethics in Particular? 44

2.7 How Technology Ethics Can Challenge and Create a Need for Extensions of More General Ethical Theory 46

Annotated Bibliography 49

3 Methods of Technology Ethics: The Ethics of Self- Driving Cars as a Case Study 51

3.1 Methodologies of Ethics? 51

3.2 The Ethics of Self- Driving Cars 53

3.3 Ethics by Committee 56

3.4 Ethics by Analogy: The Trolley Problem Comparison 58

3.5 Empirical Ethics 61

3.6 Applying Traditional Ethical Theories 65

3.7 Which Method(s) Should We Use in Technology Ethics? Only One or Many? 70

Annotated Bibliography 74

4 Artificial Intelligence, Value Alignment, and the Control Problem 76

4.1 Averting a Nuclear War 76

4.2 What Is Artificial Intelligence and What Is the Value Alignment Problem? 79

4.3 The Good and the Bad, and Instrumental and Non- Instrumental Values and Principles 83

4.4 Instrumentally Positive Value- Alignment of Technologies 86

4.5 Instrumentally Negative Misalignment of Technologies 87

4.6 Positive Non- Instrumental Value Alignment of Technologies 90

4.7 Negative Non- Instrumental Value Misalignment of Technologies 94

4.8 The Control Problem 96

4.9 Control as a Value: Instrumental or Non- Instrumental? And Are There Some Technologies It Might Be Wrong to Try to Control? 99

Annotated Bibliography 102

5 Behavior Change Technologies, Gamification, Personal Autonomy, and the Value of Control 104

5.1 A Better You? 104

5.2 Behavior Change Technologies and Gamification 107

5.3 Control: Three Basic Observations 110

5.4 Key Dimensions of Control Discussed in Different Areas of Philosophy 112

5.5 Behavior Change Technologies and the "Subjects" and "Objects" of Control 116

5.6 The Value and Ethical Importance of Control 120

5.7 Concluding This Chapter 123

Annotated Bibliography 125

6 Responsibility and Technology: Mind the Gap(s)? 127

6.1 Two Events 127

6.2 What Is Responsibility? Different Ways in Which People Can Be Held Responsible and Different Things for Which People Can Be Held Responsible 130

6.3 Responsibility Gaps: General Background 134

6.4 Responsibility Gaps Created by Technologies 138

6.5 Filling Responsibility Gaps by Having People Voluntarily Take Responsibility 142

6.6 Should We Perhaps Welcome Responsibility Gaps? 145

6.7 Responsible Machines? 148

6.8 Human-Machine Teams and Responsibility 153

6.9 Concluding This Chapter 155

Annotated Bibliography 156

7 Can a Machine be a Moral Agent? Should any Machines be Moral Agents? 158

7.1 Machine Ethics 158

7.2 Arguments in Favor of Machine Ethics and Types of Artificial Moral Agents 160

7.3 Objections to the Machine Ethics Project 163

7.3.1 First Objection: Morality Cannot Be Fully Codified 164

7.3.2 Second Objection: It Is Unethical to Create Machines that We Allow to Make Life- and- Death Decisions About Hum…