Printable Solar Cells

Auteur

Nurdan Demirci Sankir is currently an Associate Professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. She then joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as R&D engineer and program manager, and in 2007 she enrolled at TOBB ETU where she established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories. Nurdan has actively carried out research activities in many areas including solar driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation and nanostructured semiconductors.

Mehmet Sankir received his PhD in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey and group leader of Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. Mehmet has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation and desalination.

Texte du rabat

The book brings together the recent advances, new and cutting edge materials from solution process and manufacturing techniques that are the key to making photovoltaic devices more efficient and inexpensive.

Printable Solar Cells provides an overall view of the new and highly promising materials and thin film deposition techniques for printable solar cell applications. The book is organized in four parts. Organic and inorganic hybrid materials and solar cell manufacturing techniques are covered in Part I. Part II is devoted to organic materials and processing technologies like spray coating. This part also demonstrates the key features of the interface engineering for the printable organic solar cells. The main focus of Part III is the perovskite solar cells, which is a new and promising family of the photovoltaic applications. Finally, inorganic materials and solution based thin film formation methods using these materials for printable solar cell application is discussed in Part IV. Audience The book will be of interest to a multidisciplinary group of fields, in industry and academia, including physics, chemistry, materials science, biochemical engineering, optoelectronic information, photovoltaic and renewable energy engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical and manufacturing engineering.

Résumé
This book provides an overall view of the new and highly promising materials and thin film deposition techniques for printable solar cell applications. The book is organized in four parts. Organic and inorganic hybrid materials and solar cell manufacturing techniques are covered in Part I.

Contenu

Preface xv

Part I Hybrid Materials and Process Technologies for Printable Solar Cells

1 Organic and Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells 3
Serap Güne and Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci

1.1 Introduction 4

1.2 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells 5

1.2.1 Introduction to Hybrid Solar Cells 5

1.2.2 Hybrid Solar Cells 5

1.2.2.1 Operational Principles of Bulk

Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells 5

1.2.2.2 Bulk Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells 8

1.2.2.3 Bilayer Heterojunction Hybrid Solar Cells 12

1.2.2.4 Inverted-Type Hybrid Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells 15

1.2.2.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 16

1.2.2.6 Perovskite Solar Cells 21

1.3 Conclusion 23

References 25

2 Solution Processing and Thin Film Formation of Hybrid Semiconductors for Energy Applications 37
J. Ciro, J.F. Montoya, R. Betancur and F. Jaramillo

2.1 Physical Chemical Principles of Film Formation by Solution Processes: From Suspensions of Nanoparticles and Solutions to Nucleation, Growth, Coarsening and Microstructural Evolution of Films 38

2.2 Solution-Processing Techniques for Thin Film Deposition 40

2.2.1 Spin Coating 42

2.2.2 Doctor Blade 43

2.2.3 Slot-Die Coating 44

2.2.4 Spray Coating 46

2.3 Properties and Characterization of Thin Films: Transport, Active and Electrode Layers in Thin Film Solar Cells 46

2.4 Understanding the Crystallization Processes in Hybrid Semiconductor Films: Hybrid Perovskite as a Model 50

2.4.1 Thermal Transitions Revealed by DSC 50

2.4.2 Heat Transfer Processes in a Meso-Superstructured Perovskite Solar Cell 53

2.4.3 Effect of the Annealing Process on Morphology and Crystalline Properties of Perovskite Films 55

2.4.4 Role of Precursor Composition in the Crystallinity of Perovskite Films: Understanding the Role of Additives and Moisture in the Final Properties of Perovskite Layers 56

References 57

3 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Quantum Dots 65
Wenjin Yue

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 Polymer/QD Solar Cells 67

3.2.1 Working Principle 67

3.2.2 Device Parameters 68

3.2.2.1 Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc) 68

3.2.2.2 Short-Circuit Current (Jsc) 68

3.2.2.3 Fill Factor (FF) 69

3.2.3 Device Structure 70

3.2.4 Progress of Polymer/QD Solar Cells 71

3.2.4.1 Device Based on Cd Compound 71

3.2.4.2 Device Based on Pb Compound 74

3.2.4.3 Device Based on CuInS2 76

3.2.5 Strategy for Improved Device Performance 78

3.2.5.1 QDs Surface Treatment 78

3.2.5.2 In-Situ Synthesis of QDs 81

3.2.5.3 Polymer End-Group Functionalization 82

3.3 Outlooks and Conclusions 83

Acknowledgment 83

4 Hole Transporting Layers in Printable Solar Cells 93
David Curiel and Miriam Más-Montoya

4.1 Introduction 94

4.2 Hole Transporting Layers in Organic Solar Cells 97

4.2.1 Utility of Hole Transporting Layers 97

4.2.1.1 Energy Level Alignment at the Interfaces and Effect on the Open-Circuit Voltage 98

4.1.1.2 Definition of Device Polarity, Charge Transport and Use as Blocking Layer 102

4.1.1.3 Optical Spacer 103

4.1.1.4 Modulation of the Active Layer Morphology and Use as Protective Layer 103

4.1.2 Overview of Materials Used as Hole Transporting Layers 104

4.1.2.1 Polymers 104

4.1.2.2 Small Molecules 109

4.1.2.3 Metals 112

4.1.2.4 Metal Oxides 112

4.1.2.5 Metal Salts 116

4.1.2.6 Carbon Nanotubes 116

4.1.2.7 Graphene-Based Materials 116

4.1.2.8 Self-Assembled Monolayers 119

4.2 Hole Transporting Layers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 121

4.2.1 Overview of Materials Used as Hole Transporting Layers 123

4.2.1.1 Small Molecules 123

4.2.1.2 Polymers 126

4.3 Hole Transporting Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 127

4.3.1 Overview of Materials Used as Hole Transporting Layers 128

4.3.1.1 Small Molecules 128

4.3.1.2 Polymers 137

4.3.1.3 Metal Oxides 139

4.3.1.4 Metal Salts 140

4.3.1.5 Carbon Nanotubes 141

4.3.1.6 Graphene-Based Materials 142

4.4 Concluding Remarks 143

5 Printable Solar Cells 163
Alexander Kovalenko and Michal Hrabal

5.1 Introduction 164

5.2 Printable Solar Cells Working Principles 165

5.2.1 CIGS Solar Cells 165

5.2.2 Perovskite Solar Cells 167

5.2.3 Organic Solar Cells 170

5.2.4 Printable Charge-Carrier Selective Layers 172

5.3 Solution-Based Deposition of Thin Film Layers 173

5.3.1 Coating Techniques 174

5.3.1.1 Casting 174

5.3.1.2 Spin Coating 174

5.3.1.3 Blade Coating 176

5.3.1.4 Slot-Die Coating 177

5.3.2 Printing Techniques 179

5.3.2.1 Screen Printing 180

5.3.2.2 Gravure Printing 182

5.3.2.3 Flexographic Printing 184

5.3.2.4 Inkjet Printing 185

5.4 Characterization Techniques 189

5.4.1 Characterization of Thin Layers 189

5.4.2 Electrical Characterization of Solar Cells 190

5.5 Conclusion 194

References 197

Part II Organic Materials and Process Technologies for Printable Solar Cells

6 Spray-Coated Organic Solar Cells 205
Yifan Zheng and Junsheng Yu …