Sedimentology and Stratigraphy

Umfassendes Lehrwerk über sämtliche Aspekte der Sedimentologie und der grundlegenden Stratigraphie

Das Buch Sedimentology and Stratigraphy führt in die Thematik ein und gibt den Leserinnen und Lesern Werkzeuge zur Interpretation von Sedimenten und Sedimentgesteinen an die Hand. Dabei werden die Prozesse der Bildung, des Transports und der Ablagerung von Sedimenten behandelt und auf die Entwicklung konzeptioneller Modelle für sämtliche Sedimentumgebungen ? von Wüsten über die Tiefsee und Riffe bis zu Flüssen ? angewandt. Für einen umfassenden Überblick über sämtliche Aspekte der Sedimentologie und Stratigraphie werden außerdem verschiedene Ansätze zur Nutzung stratigraphischer Prinzipien bei der Datierung und Korrelierung von Schichten betrachtet.

Die 3. Auflage wurde gründlich überarbeitet und aktualisiert. Dabei wurde die Kapitelgliederung so geändert, dass nun separate Abschnitte zur Geomorphologie und zur Stratigraphie für jede Sedimentumgebung vorhanden sind. Außerdem enthält die neue Ausgabe zusätzliche farbige Abbildungen.

Die wesentlichen Konzepte, die in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy eingeführt werden, umfassen u.a.:

• Die Bedeutung von Veränderungen in der Pflanzen- und Tierwelt im Zeitverlauf und die Auswirkungen auf die Charakteristik des Sedimentumfelds im Meer und an Land
• Die Unterscheidung zwischen modernen Umgebungen und dem, was in den Sedimentabfolgen erhalten geblieben ist, mit einer Betrachtung glazialerosionaler und von Ablagerungen geprägter Landformen
• Heutige Wüstenumgebungen und äolische Ablagerungen in der stratigraphischen Abfolge
• Fluviale Prozesse mit Mustern von Neben- und Verteilerkanälen unterschiedlicher Größenordnung und in verschiedenen Umgebungen

Das Werk Sedimentology and Stratigraphy wurde von einem kenntnisreichen Autor mit umfangreicher Erfahrung auf dem Fachgebiet verfasst. Es ist ein gut verständliches Lehrwerk für Studierende der Geologie und verwandter Fachgebiete, die sich Kenntnisse über die Bildung, Eigenschaften und Bedeutung von Sedimentgesteinen aneignen möchten.

Auteur

Gary Nichols has taught sedimentology and stratigraphy at universities in the UK and Norway. His research interests in the analysis of facies and sedimentary basins have taken him to every continent, providing experience of a wide range of sedimentary rock types of different ages in a variety of depositional settings. He currently designs training programmes for geoscientists working in the energy industry.

Texte du rabat

Comprehensive textbook on all aspects of sedimentology and stratigraphic principles Sedimentology and Stratigraphy introduces the reader to the subjects and provides tools for the interpretation of sediments and sedimentary rocks, covering the processes of formation, transport, and deposition of sediment and applying them to develop conceptual models for the full range of sedimentary environments, from deserts to deep seas and reefs to rivers. Different approaches to using stratigraphic principles to date and correlate strata are also considered to provide a comprehensive overview of all aspects of sedimentology and stratigraphy. The 3rd edition has been thoroughly revised and updated. The book is now divided into five sections, and the chapters on different depositional settings now provide distinct sections on modern processes and sedimentary rocks. The new edition also features a new set of diagrams and photographs in full colour. Key concepts introduced in Sedimentology and Stratigraphy include:

• The importance of changes in plant and animal life through time and the effects on characteristics of both marine and continental sedimentary environments
• The distinction between modern environments and what is preserved in the sedimentary record
• The role of changing climate, tectonic events and sediment supply in determining the characteristics of deposits in the stratigraphic record Written by a highly qualified author with abundant experience in the field, Sedimentology and Stratigraphy serves as a highly accessible resource for students of geology and related subjects who seek to understand the formation, characteristics, and importance of sedimentary rocks.

Contenu

Preface xi

Acknowledgements xiii

About the Companion Website xv

Part A Sedimentary Materials, Processes and Products 1

1 Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 3

1.1 Overview 4

1.2 Sedimentology 5

1.3 Stratigraphy 6

1.4 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 7

Further Reading 8

2 Clastic Sediments: Gravel, Sand and Mud 9

2.1 Classification of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 10

2.2 Gravel and Conglomerate 12

2.3 Sand and Sandstone 15

2.4 Clay, Silt and Mudrock 26

2.5 Textures and Analysis of Clastic Sedimentary Rocks 29

2.6 Clastic Sediments: Summary 34

Further Reading 34

3 Biogenic, Chemical and Volcanogenic Sediments 35

3.1 Limestone 36

3.2 Evaporite Minerals 44

3.3 Cherts 46

3.4 Sedimentary Phosphates 47

3.5 Sedimentary Ironstone 47

3.6 Carbonaceous (Organic) Deposits 49

3.7 Volcaniclastic Sedimentary Rocks 51

Further Reading 52

4 Processes of Transport and Sedimentary Structures 53

4.1 Transport Media 54

4.2 The Behaviour of Fluids and Particles in Fluids 55

4.3 Flows, Sediment and Bedforms 60

4.4 Waves 70

4.5 Sediment Gravity Flows 73

4.6 Mudcracks 77

4.7 Erosional Sedimentary Structures 78

4.8 Terminology for Sedimentary Structures and Beds 79

4.9 Sedimentary Structures and Sedimentary Environments 81

Further Reading 82

5 Field Sedimentology, Facies and Environments 83

5.1 Field Sedimentology 84

5.2 Graphic Sedimentary Logs 85

5.3 Palaeocurrents 91

5.4 Sampling Sedimentary Rocks 94

5.5 Description of Core 96

5.6 Interpreting Past Depositional Environments 97

5.7 Reconstructing Palaeoenvironments 101

5.8 Summary: Facies and Environments 105

Further Reading 105

Part B Continental Environments 107

6 Continental Environments and Sources of Sediment 109

6.1 From Source of Sediment to Formation of Strata 110

6.2 Tectonic Uplift 110

6.3 Global Climate 111

6.4 Weathering Processes 112

6.5 Erosion and Transport 115

6.6 Denudation and Landscape Evolution 118

6.7 Continental Environments of Deposition 124

Further Reading 126

7 Glacial Environments 127

7.1 Distribution of Glacial Environments 128

7.2 Glacial Ice 129

7.3 Continental Glacial Environments 131

7.4 Continental Glacial Deposition 136

7.5 Marine Glacial Environments 138

7.6 Glacial Deposits in the Stratigraphic Record 140

7.7 Glacial Sedimentology and Stratigraphy 141

Further Reading 142

8 Aeolian Environments 143

8.1 Aeolian Transport 144

8.2 Characteristics of Wind- blown Particles 145

8.3 Desert Environments 146

8.4 Aeolian Bedforms 148

8.5 Stratigraphic Record of Aeolian Deposits 152

8.6 Aeolian Deposits Outside Deserts 155

8.7 Summary 157

Further Reading 158

9 Rivers and Alluvial Fans 159

9.1 Fluvial and Alluvial Systems 160

9.2 River Channels 162

9.3 Floodplain Deposition 170

9.4 Alluvial Fans 171

9.5 Fossils in Fluvial and Alluvial Environments 175

9.6 Soils and Palaeosols 176

9.7 Fluvial and Alluvial Stratigraphy 179

Further Reading 184

10 Lakes 185

10.1 Lakes and Lacustrine Environments 186

10.2 Freshwater Lakes 187

10.3 Freshwater Lake Clastic Deposits 190

10.4 Saline Lakes 193

10.5 Ephemeral Lakes 194

10.6 Lacustrine Carbonates 197

10.7 Lacustrine Stratigraphy 198

10.8 Recognition of Lacustrine Facies in the Stratigraphic Record 199

Further Reading 200

11 Volcanic Rocks and Sediments 201

11.1 Volcanic Rocks and Sediment 202

11.2 Transport and Deposition of Volcaniclastic Material 205

11.3 Eruption Styles 209

11.4 Facies Associations in V…