Neutrons, X-rays, and Light

Auteur

Peter Lindner worked as a soft-matter scientist at Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL), Grenoble, France for 35 years. He is an expert in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and has been responsible for the SANS instrument D11 for 25 years. He oversaw the coordination of its user operation and was project leader of instrument upgrades and sample environment development, in particular of SANS experiments under non-equilibrium conditions and online rheology. Among others, his research interests lie in the structure and dynamics of complex fluids, like polymer solutions, colloidal dispersions and lyotropic lamellar phases, which are exposed to external fields, such as shear.

In 1990 he founded, together with Thomas Zemb, the Bombannes Summer School on scattering methods applied to soft condensed matter. Together, they published in 1991 the lecture notes of the first Bombannes school (Elsevier North Holland Delta Series, 1991) and edited the first edition of this book with Elsevier in 2002.

Julian Oberdisse has been working for the past 20 years at the University of Montpellier, France, on the experimental determination of microstructures and dynamics of soft matter (self-assembled systems, colloids, polymer nanocomposites). His main techniques are small-angle scattering of neutrons and X-rays, complemented by computer simulations, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and light scattering. He is also strongly involved in the advisory boards of European research centers on neutron scattering. After having been a Bombannes student in 1996 and teaching there since 2004, he is currently co-organizing the Bombannes Summer School with Peter Lindner.

Texte du rabat

This book addresses the possibilities provided by scattering techniques in the study of soft matter. It fills the gap between the fundamental scattering processes, which are described by the general theoretical framework of elastic and quasi-elastic interaction of radiation with matter, and state-of-the-art applications to specific soft matter systems. Three probes are discussed in detail: neutrons, X-ray photons, and visible light.

Part 1 of the book is dedicated to the use of general principles for the measurement and analysis of scattered intensity: elementary scattering process, data reduction, general theorems, the concept of reciprocal space, and its link to structural and dynamical information in direct space. In Part 2, methods and techniques are further discussed, including resolution effects, contrast variation, static and dynamic light scattering, quasielastic neutron scattering, and reflectometry and grazing incidence techniques. Part 3 deals with the state of the art of scattering studies of typical soft matter systems (polymers, self-assembled surfactant systems and liquid crystals, microemulsions, colloids, aggregates, biological systems) with dedicated chapters for particle interactions and modeling. Part 4 highlights special applications, from light scattering in turbid media to scattering under external constraints, applications of neutron reflectometry, characterization of relaxation modes by neutron spectroscopy, and industrial applications.

This new edition, written by the lecturers of the Bombannes Summer School, will be most useful as a learning tool for masters and PhD students, postdocs, and young researchers moving into the field. As with the previous edition, it will also be a reference for any scientist working in soft matter, where scattering techniques are ubiquitous, used in both small laboratories and large-scale research facilities.

Contenu

Part 1 Using General Principles 1. General Introduction: Soft Matter Systems and Scattering Experiments 2. General Theorems, Differential Scattering Cross-Section, and Initial Data Treatment 3. The Inverse Scattering Problem 4. Indirect Fourier Transformation, Deconvolution and Generalized Indirect Fourier Transformation Part 2 Methods 5. Instrumentation & Resolution Effects for Small-Angle X-ray & Neutron Scattering 6. Contrast & Contrast Variation in Neutron, X-ray and Light Scattering 7. Static Light Scattering 8. Dynamic Light Scattering 10. Neutron & X-ray Reflectivity and Grazing Incidence Scattering Part 3 Revealing Microstructures and Dynamics of Soft Condensed Matter 11. Introduction to Polymers - Static Scattering 12. Self Assembled Aggregates: form and structure factor in surfactant systems and lyotropic liquid crystals 13. Small-Angle Scattering by Microemulsions 14. Interacting Colloidal Systems, Gels, Glasses 15. Model Fitting and Simulation Techniques for Small-Angle Scattering Data Analysis 16. Polymer Dynamics 17. Analysis of Small-Angle Scattering Data of Complex Biological Systems 18. Macromolecular and Supramolecular Assemblies Part 4 Special Applications 19. Soft Matter Studies Under Non-Equilibrium Conditions 20. Polymer Processing: Application of Scattering Methods to Polyurethane Materials 21. Light Scattering in Turbid Media 22. From Real to Reciprocal Space: Scattering Information from Real Space Images 23. Use of Scattering Techniques in Industry 24. Applications of Neutron Reflectometry to Soft Matter and Biological Systems 25. Using Weak Aggregation for Solubilization and Separation 26. Quasi-elastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy: characterisation of relaxation modes at the molecular scale