Solid State Chemistry

Auteur

Elaine A. Moore studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two-year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998, and reader in 2004. She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2, and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She is coauthor of Metals and Life (RSC Publishing, 2009) and of Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry (RSC Publishing, 2010), which were part of a level 3 Open University course in inorganic chemistry and co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry. She was team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied mainly to solid-state systems and is author or coauthor of over 50 papers in refereed scientific journals. A long-standing collaboration in this area led to her being invited to help run a series of postgraduate workshops on computational materials science hosted by the University of Khartoum.

Jennifer E. Readman

Jennifer is a Senior Lecturer in Materials Chemistry and Course Leader for BSc (Hons) and MChem Chemistry. Jennifer's background is in solid state inorganic chemistry and she teaches various aspects of inorganic and physical chemistry on the undergraduate and postgraduate degrees programmes. Her research is based predominately into microporous materials, such as zeolites, metal substituted silicates. She is interested in all aspects of their chemistry such as their synthesis, structure and uses.

Jennifer teaches many different aspects of inorganic and physical chemistry across all year of the undergraduate chemistry programmes. Topics include Structure & Bonding in inorganic chemistry. X-ray diffraction, Chemistry of the s and p block elements, Introductory d-block chemistry, Advanced structural techniques, Group theory and Advanced Materials Chemistry. She is the Course Leader for the undergraduate BSc(Hons) and MChem Chemistry programmes. Research interests lie in the area of solid state chemistry and particularly in the relationship between the structure of a material and it's properties. Main interests lie in materials such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks and metal silicates, and also techniques such as powder X-ray diffraction in the laboratory and at synchrotron sources such as the Diamond Light Source. These materials have applications in industry, predominately in the treatment of nuclear and pharmaceutical waste. Dr Readman is also interested in diffuse scattering, electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and solid state NMR.

Dr Readman was awarded a Bachelors degree in chemistry from the University of Oxford and then went on to study for a PhD at the University of Birmingham under the supervision of Dr. Paul Anderson. The PhD work involved the use of zeolite frameworks to acts as host for metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. Postdoctoral work was carried out at the State University of New York at Stony Brook where the project involved using 17-O solid state NMR to study zeolites. Followed by SINTEF in Oslo, Norway where the research project investigated carbon dioxide absorbents for use in the clean fuel production. After returning to the UK Dr Readman returned to the University of Birmingham working on a joint chemistry/biochemistry project with Dr. Joe Hriljac and Prof. Lynne Macaskie investigating synthetic and bio-manufactured layered phosphates for the remediation of nuclear waste. Before coming to work at UCLan, Dr Readman worked at Durham University under the supervision of Prof. John Evans working on negative thermal expansion materials/

Texte du rabat

Solid-state chemistry is still a rapidly advancing field, contributing to areas such as batteries for transport and energy storage, nanostructured materials, porous materials for the capture of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.

Contenu

Chapter 1 - An Introduction to Crystal Structures

Jennifer E. Readman and Lesley E. Smart

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Close packing

1.3 Body-centred and Primitive Structures

1.4 Lattices and Unit Cells

1.4.1 Lattices

1.4.2 One- and Two- Dimensional Unit Cells

1.4.3 Three-Dimensional Lattices and Their Unit Cells

1.5 Crystalline solids

1.5.1 Unit cell stoichiometry and Fractional Coordinates

1.5.2 Ionic Solids with Formula MX

1.5.2.1 Caesium Chloride

1.5.2.2 Sodium Chloride

1.5.2.3 Zinc Blende & Wurtzite

1.5.2.4 Nickel Arsenide

1.5.3 Solids with General Formula MX2

1.5.3.1 Fluorite and Anti-Fluorite

1.5.3.2 Cadmium Chloride and Cadmium Iodide

1.5.3.3 Rutile

1.5.3.4 -Cristobalite

1.5.4 Other Important Crystal Structures

1.5.4.1 Rhenium trioxide

1.5.4.2 Perovskite

1.5.4.3 Spinel and Inverse Spinel

1.5.5 Miscellaneous Oxides

1.6 Ionic Radii and the Radius Ratio Rule

1.7 Extended Covalent Arrays

1.8 Molecular Structures

1.9 Lattice Energy

1.9.1 Born-Haber Cycle

1.9.2 Calculating Lattice Enthalpies

1.9.3 Calculations Using Thermodynamic Cycles and Lattice Energies

1.10 Symmetry

1.10.1 Symmetry Notation

1.10.2 Axes of Symmetry

1.10.3 Planes of Symmetry

1.10.4 Inversion

1.10.5 Inversion Axes, Improper Symmetry Axes, and the Identity Element

1.10.6 Operations

1.10.7 Symmetry in Crystals

1.10.8 Translational Symmetry Elements

1.10.9 Space groups

1.11 Miller Indices and Interplanar spacing

1.12 Quasicrystals

Summary.

Questions

Chapter 2 Scattering Techniques for Characterising Solids

Jennifer E. Readman

2.1 Introduction

2.2 X-ray Diffraction

2.2.1 The Generation of X-rays

2.2.2 Scattering of X-rays & Bragg's Law

2.2.3 The Diffraction Experiment

2.2.4 The Powder Diffraction Pattern

2.2.5 The Intensity of Diffracted Peaks

2.2.6 The Width of Diffracted Peaks

2.2.7 Rietveld Refinement

2.2.8 Structure & Single-Crystal Diffraction solution

2.3 Synchrotron Radiation

2.3.1 Introduction

2.3.2 Generation of Synchrotron X-rays

2.3.3 Bending Magnets and Insertion Devices

2.4 Neutron Diffraction

2.4.1 Background & Production of Neutrons

2.4.2 Neutron scattering

2.4.3 Experimental Neutron Diffraction

2.4.4 Magnetic Scattering

2.5 Pair Distribution Function Analysis (PDF)

2.5.1 Introduction

2.5.2 Theoretical background

2.5.3 The Total Scattering Experiment

2.6 In-situ Experiments

2.6.1 Variable Temperature

2.6.2 Variable Pressure

2.7 Free Electron Lasers (XFELs)

2.7.1 Introduction

2.7.2 How XFEL X-rays Are Generated

2.7.3 Typical XFEL Experiments

Appendix Allowed reflections for simple cubic cells

Questions

Chapter 3 - Non-Scattering Characterisation Techniques

Jennifer E. Readman

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Electron Microscopy

3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM}

3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

3.2.3 Electron Diffraction (ED)

3.2.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM)

3.2.5 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDS / EDX)

3.2.6 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS)

3.2.7 Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM) & Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

3.3 X-ray Spectroscopy

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)

3.3.3 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy

3.3.4 EXAFS

3.3.5 XANES

3.3.6 Experimental XAS

3.3.7 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

3.4 So…