Modeling Phase Transitions in the Brain

There are two very distinctive approaches to developing mathematical models for brain function and behavior. One approach, exemplified by Traub and colleagues [1] and by the Blue Brain project [2] is to start with a detailed, biophysically accurate description of a single neuron, and then to scale up by assembling hundreds or thousands of interacting neurons to create neural populations, examining the assembly for interesting collective behaviors that emerge spontaneously from these interactions.

Foreword by Walter J. Freeman.

The induction of unconsciousness using anesthetic agents demonstrates that the cerebral cortex can operate in two very different behavioral modes: alert and responsive vs. unaware and quiescent. But the states of wakefulness and sleep are not single-neuron properties---they emerge as bulk properties of cooperating populations of neurons, with the switchover between states being similar to the physical change of phase observed when water freezes or ice melts. Some brain-state transitions, such as sleep cycling, anesthetic induction, epileptic seizure, are obvious and detected readily with a few EEG electrodes; others, such as the emergence of gamma rhythms during cognition, or the ultra-slow BOLD rhythms of relaxed free-association, are much more subtle. The unifying theme of this book is the notion that all of these bulk changes in brain behavior can be treated as phase transitions between distinct brain states.

Modeling Phase Transitions in the Brain contains chapter contributions from leading researchers who apply state-space methods, network models, and biophysically-motivated continuum approaches to investigate a range of neuroscientifically relevant problems that include analysis of nonstationary EEG time-series; network topologies that limit epileptic spreading; saddle--node bifurcations for anesthesia, sleep-cycling, and the wake--sleep switch; prediction of dynamical and noise-induced spatiotemporal instabilities underlying BOLD, alpha-, and gamma-band Hopf oscillations, gap-junction-moderated Turing structures, and Hopf-Turing interactions leading to cortical waves.

Foreword by Walter J. Freeman Presents recent developments in EEG data analysis Places cortical modelling in historical context Provides an overview of the range of modern mass-action continuum approaches used to model cortical function Includes supplementary material: sn.pub/extras

Texte du rabat

Foreword by Walter J. Freeman.

The induction of unconsciousness using anesthetic drugs demonstrates that the cerebral cortex can operate in two very different modes: alert and responsive versus unaware and quiescent. But the states of wakefulness and sleep are not single-neuron properties---they emerge as bulk properties of cooperating populations of neurons, with the switchover between states being similar to the physical change of phase observed when water freezes or ice melts. Some brain-state transitions, such as sleep cycling, anesthetic induction, epileptic seizure, are obvious and detected readily with a few EEG electrodes; others, such as the emergence of gamma rhythms during cognition, or the ultra-slow BOLD rhythms of relaxed free-association, are much more subtle. The unifying theme of this book is the notion that all of these bulk changes in brain behavior can be treated as phase transitions between distinct brain states.

"Modeling Phase Transitions in the Brain" contains chapter contributions from leading researchers who apply state-space methods, network models, and biophysically-motivated continuum approaches to investigate a range of neuroscientifically relevant problems that include analysis of nonstationary EEG time-series; network topologies that limit epileptic spreading; saddle--node bifurcations for anesthesia, sleep-cycling, and the wake--sleep switch; prediction of dynamical and noise-induced spatiotemporal instabilities underlying BOLD, alpha-, and gamma-band EEG oscillations, gap-junction-moderated Turing structures, and Hopf--Turing interactions leading to cortical waves.

Written for:

Researchers, clinicians, physicians, neurologists

About the editors:

Alistair Steyn-Ross and Moira Steyn-Ross are computational and theoretical physicists in the Department of Engineering, University of Waikato, New Zealand. Theyshare a long-standing interest in the application of physics-based methods to gain insight into the emergent behavior of complex biological systems such as single neurons and interacting neural populations.

Résumé

Foreword by Walter J. Freeman.

The induction of unconsciousness using anesthetic agents demonstrates that the cerebral cortex can operate in two very different behavioral modes: alert and responsive vs. unaware and quiescent. But the states of wakefulness and sleep are not single-neuron properties---they emerge as bulk properties of cooperating populations of neurons, with the switchover between states being similar to the physical change of phase observed when water freezes or ice melts. Some brain-state transitions, such as sleep cycling, anesthetic induction, epileptic seizure, are obvious and detected readily with a few EEG electrodes; others, such as the emergence of gamma rhythms during cognition, or the ultra-slow BOLD rhythms of relaxed free-association, are much more subtle. The unifying theme of this book is the notion that all of these bulk changes in brain behavior can be treated as phase transitions between distinct brain states.

Modeling Phase Transitions in the Brain contains chapter contributions from leading researchers who apply state-space methods, network models, and biophysically-motivated continuum approaches to investigate a range of neuroscientifically relevant problems that include analysis of nonstationary EEG time-series; network topologies that limit epileptic spreading; saddle--node bifurcations for anesthesia, sleep-cycling, and the wake--sleep switch; prediction of dynamical and noise-induced spatiotemporal instabilities underlying BOLD, alpha-, and gamma-band Hopf oscillations, gap-junction-moderated Turing structures, and Hopf-Turing interactions leading to cortical waves.

Contenu
Phase transitions in single neurons and neural populations: Critical slowing, anesthesia, and sleep cycles.- Generalized state-space models for modeling nonstationary EEG time-series.- Spatiotemporal instabilities in neural fields and the effects of additive noise.- Spontaneous brain dynamics emerges at the edge of instability.- Limited spreading: How hierarchical networks prevent the transition to the epileptic state.- Bifurcations and state changes in the human alpha rhythm: Theory and experiment.- Inducing transitions in mesoscopic brain dynamics.- Phase transitions in physiologically-based multiscale mean-field brain models.- A continuum model for the dynamics of the phase transition from slow-wave sleep to REM sleep.- What can a mean-field model tell us about the dynamics of the cortex?.- Phase transitions, cortical gamma, and the selection and read-out of information stored in synapses.- Cortical patterns and gamma genesis are modulated by reversal potentials and gap-junction diffusion.