The Descent of Human Sex Ratio at Birth

Since the 18th century, one phenomenon, the proportion of the sexes at birth among human beings, has contributed to various developments such as the calculus of probabilities, administrative statistics, the moral and social sciences, the statistics of variability, post-Darwinian biology and Durkheimian sociology. This fact is brought to the critical attention of readers who rarely work together -- mathematicians, biologists, historians, social scientists and historians of the sciences -- along a three centuries European journey, meeting Süssmilch, Condorcet, Laplace, Fourier, Girou de Buzareingues, Poisson, Quetelet, Darwin, Düsing, Gini, Halbwachs or Fisher.

After a deconstruction of the past and present conditions of scientific understanding of human sex-ratio at birth, the authors are proposing a reconstruction of the dynamics of the phenomenon based on stochastics. This is an attempt in renewing our links with the oldest traditions of scholarly thinking, but too a kind of "well-tempered" reflexivity in today's work of objectivization.

Appendixes get to the reader the first expression of a trend of the sex ratio at birth to adjust towards balance between the sexes by Condorcet in 1793-1794 ; a comparison of passages that Darwin devoted in 1871 and 1874 to similar issues ; and a sociological attempt of Halbwachs published in 1933.

A systematic account about human sex-ratio at birth : facts and theories since the 18th century An attempt to deal with randomness from a foundational perspective in social sciences An analysis of the variability of the proportion of the sexes at birth, one of the main current demographic phenomena, in similar terms for Asian or western countries, for nowadays and for the three past centuries History of mathematics, history of biology and history of social sciences in a concrete interplay

Contenu

Foreword.- Note on Translation.- Introduction.- 1: Physico-Theology and Mathematics (1710-1794).- 2: Physiology, Probabilities and Statistics (1795-1830).- 3: Statistical Sources, Law and Medicine (1846-1876).- 4: Selection, Sexes and Statistics (since 1871).- 5: A Sociological Issue and its Perversion (1898-1942).- 6: A Stochastic Re-Evaluation.- Conclusion.- Appendix A: Condorcet (1743-1794).- Appendix B: Charles Darwin (1809-1882).- Appendix C: Maurice Halbwachs (1877-1945).- Appendix D: Sex Ratios at Birth and the Calculus of Probabilities.- List of References.