Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging in Neurochemistry

The Advances in Neurochemistry series was initiated for a readership of neuroscientists with a background in biochemistry. True to this concept, the present volume brings together various applications of magnetic resonance technology to advance our knowledge of how the nervous system functions. Whether at the cellular, tissue slice, or intact organism level. magnetic resonance techniques are by their nature noninvasive, and thus provide a window through which biochemical reactions can be viewed without grinding, binding, or other wise perturbing ongoing physiological processes. As technological improve ments in methodology, such as higher and more uniform magnetic fields, novel paradigms for data analysis, etc. , are made, we find increased sensitivity and improved temporal and spatial resolution for functional imaging techniques on the one hand, and better separation of signals that identify chemical properties in spectral shift studies, on the other. It is upon knowledge such as is described in the twelve chapters that follow, that further advances in scientific discovery and the biomedical applications of tomorrow will be based. We are grateful to Dr. Bachelard, the Volume Editor, and to the authors of the individual chapters for their efforts. We also note that with this volume Dr. Morris Aprison, a co-founder of the Advances in Neurochemistry series has stepped down and acknowledge with thanks his major role in its inception. In addition, we thank our past and present Advisory Editors. Bernard W. Agranoff Kunihiko Suzuki Series Editors ix CONTENTS LIST OF SYMBOLS AND GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXI INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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The basic principles and current applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are described in this collection of articles by leading world authorities. The contributions document the interface between neurochemistry and physics, and embrace progress ranging from fundamental studies on isolated brain preparations to in vivo investigations using rodents, all as a basis for research on the conscious human brain.

Contenu
1 13C and 1H MRS of Cultured Neurons and Glia.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Cultures.- 3. 1H MRS of Cultured Neurons and Glia.- 4. Metabolic Pathways in Astrocytes and Neurons.- 5. 13C MRS of Cultured Astrocytes.- 6. 13C MRS of Cultured Neurons.- 7. NeuronalGlial Interactions in Amino Acid Synthesis.- 8. Conclusion.- References.- 2 Measurement of Free Intracellular Cations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Divalent Cations.- 3. Monovalent Cations.- References.- 3 In Vivo Nitrogen MRS Studies of Rat Brain Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Metabolic Flux through the Glutamine/Glutamate/GABA Cycle.- 3. Nitrogen MRSCharacteristics for in Vivo Studies.- 4. Nitrogen MRS Studies of Rat Brain Metabolism.- 5. Future Prospects.- References.- 4 Traumatic Brain Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phosphate Concentration.- 3. Intracellular pH.- 4. Intracellular Free Magnesium.- 5. Cytosolic Phosphorylation Ratio.- 6. Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity.- 7. Magnesium Treatment.- 8. Male versus Female Animals.- 9. Alcohol and Trauma.- 10. Other Treatments.- 11. Models of Traumatic Brain Injury.- 12. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Trauma.- 13. Methodological Considerations.- 14. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Animal Models of Stroke.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Global versus Focal Cerebral IschemiaDefinitions.- 3. Models of Global/Forebrain Cerebral Ischemia.- 4. Models of Focal Cerebral Ischemia.- 5. Intracerebral Hemorrhage.- 6. Pitfalls.- 7. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Application to Brain Tumors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Use of MRI for Studying Brain Tumors.- 3. Application of Multinuclear MRS to Study Brain Tumors.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Diffusion and the MagneticResonance Experiment.- 3. Anisotropic Diffusion and the Diffusion Tensor.- 4. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Cerebral Pathology.- 5. Diffusion-Weighted Spectroscopy.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 8 High-Speed Echo-Planar Imaging and Its Application to Neurology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Applications.- 3. Echo-Planar Imaging: Theory and Practice.- 4. Developments of Echo-Planar Imaging.- 5. Clinical Applications in Neurology.- References.- 9 Brain Activation Studies Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 1. Introduction.- 2. MR Methods for Probing Brain Function.- 3. Practical Challenges in Implementing FMRI Studies.- 4. FMRIHow We Do It.- 5. Applications.- 6. Conclusion.- References.- 10 MRI and Proton MRS in the Evaluation of Multiple Sclerosis.- 1. Multiple Sclerosis: An Introduction.- 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation and Monitoring of MS.- 3. Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Evaluation and Monitoring of MS.- 4. Conclusions.- References.- 11 Phosphorus and Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Brain of the Newborn Human Infant.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Management of the Newborn during Spectroscopy Studies.- 3. Data Acquisition Methods.- 4. Normal Brain Development in Premature and Term Infants.- 5. Cerebral Pathology.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- 12 Localized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Brain Disorders in Childhood.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Localized Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.- 3. Leukodystrophies.- 4. Other White-Matter Diseases.- 5. Gray-Matter Diseases.- 6. Mitochondrial Diseases.- 7. Rett Syndrome.- 8. Creatine Deficiency.- 9. Miscellaneous Disorders.- References.