Fundamentals and Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles

Auteur

Jiuchun Jiang, Beijing Jiaotong University, China Caiping Zhang, Beijing Jiaotong University, China

Texte du rabat

A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Covers the timely topic of battery management systems for lithium batteries. After introducing the problem and basic background theory, it discusses battery modeling and state estimation. In addition to theoretical modeling it also contains practical information on charging and discharging control technology, cell equalisation and application to electric vehicles, and a discussion of the key technologies and research methods of the lithium-ion power battery management system. The author systematically expounds the theory knowledge included in the lithium-ion battery management systems and its practical application in electric vehicles, describing the theoretical connotation and practical application of the battery management systems. Selected graphics in the book are directly derived from the real vehicle tests. Through comparative analysis of the different system structures and different graphic symbols, related concepts are clear and the understanding of the battery management systems is enhanced. Contents include: key technologies and the difficulty point of vehicle power battery management system; lithium-ion battery performance modeling and simulation; the estimation theory and methods of the lithium-ion battery state of charge, state of energy, state of health and peak power; lithium-ion battery charge and discharge control technology; consistent evaluation and equalization techniques of the battery pack; battery management system design and application in electric vehicles. A theoretical and technical guide to the electric vehicle lithium-ion battery management system Using simulation technology, schematic diagrams and case studies, the basic concepts are described clearly and offer detailed analysis of battery charge and discharge control principles Equips the reader with the understanding and concept of the power battery, providing a clear cognition of the application and management of lithium ion batteries in electric vehicles Arms audiences with lots of case studies Essential reading for Researchers and professionals working in energy technologies, utility planners and system engineers.

Contenu

About the Authors xi

Foreword xiii

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The Development of Batteries in Electric Drive Vehicles 1

1.1.1 The Goals 1

1.1.2 Trends in Development of the Batteries 1

1.1.3 Application Issues of LIBs 3

1.1.4 Significance of Battery Management Technology 4

1.2 Development of Battery Management Technologies 5

1.2.1 No Management 5

1.2.2 Simple Management 5

1.2.3 Comprehensive Management 6

1.3 BMS Key Technologies 7

References 8

2 Performance Modeling of Lithium-ion Batteries 9

2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Lithium-ion Batteries 9

2.2 Testing the Characteristics of Lithium-ion Batteries 11

2.2.1 Rate Discharge Characteristics 11

2.2.2 Charge and Discharge Characteristics Under Operating Conditions 12

2.2.3 Impact of Temperature on Capacity 15

2.2.4 Self-Discharge 19

2.3 Battery Modeling Method 20

2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit Model 21

2.3.2 Electrochemical Model 22

2.3.3 Neural Network Model 24

2.4 Simulation and Comparison of Equivalent Circuit Models 24

2.4.1 Model Parameters Identification Principle 25

2.4.2 Implementation Steps of Parameter Identification 25

2.4.3 Comparison of Simulation of Three Equivalent Circuit Models 28

2.5 Battery Modeling Method Based on a Battery Discharging Curve 31

2.6 Battery Pack Modeling 34

2.6.1 Battery Pack Modeling 35

2.6.2 Simulation of Battery Pack Model 35

References 42

3 Battery State Estimation 43

3.1 Definition of SOC 43

3.1.1 The Maximum Available Capacity 43

3.1.2 Definition of Single Cell SOC 46

3.1.3 Definition of the SOC of Series Batteries 48

3.2 Discussion on the Estimation of the SOC of a Battery 50

3.2.1 Load Voltage Detection 50

3.2.2 Electromotive Force Method 50

3.2.3 Resistance Method 52

3.2.4 Ampere-hour Counting Method 53

3.2.5 Kalman Filter Method 54

3.2.6 Neural Network Method 55

3.2.7 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System 57

3.2.8 Support Vector Machines 60

3.3 Battery SOC Estimation Algorithm Application 62

3.3.1 The SOC Estimation of a PEV Power Battery 62

3.3.2 Power Battery SOC Estimation for Hybrid Vehicles 80

3.4 Definition and Estimation of the Battery SOE 87

3.4.1 Definition of the Single Battery SOE 87

3.4.2 SOE Definition of the Battery Groups 91

3.5 Method for Estimation of the Battery Group SOE and the Remaining Energy 95

3.6 Method of Estimation of the Actual Available Energy of the Battery 96

References 98

4 The Prediction of Battery Pack Peak Power 101

4.1 Definition of Peak Power 101

4.1.1 Peak Power Capability of Batteries 101

4.1.2 Battery Power Density 102

4.1.3 State of Function of Batteries 103

4.2 Methods for Testing Peak Power 103

4.2.1 Test Methods Developed by Americans 103

4.2.2 The Test Method of Japan 106

4.2.3 The Chinese Standard Test Method 108

4.2.4 The Constant Power Test Method 109

4.2.5 Comparison of the Above-Mentioned Testing Methods 112

4.3 Peak Power 112

4.3.1 The Relation between Peak Power and Temperature 113

4.3.2 The Relation between Peak Power and SOC 115

4.3.3 Relationship between Peak Power and Ohmic Internal Resistance 116

4.4 Available Power of the Battery Pack 117

4.4.1 Factors Influencing Available Power 117

4.4.2 The Optimized Method of Available Power 119

References 121

5 Charging Control Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 123

5.1 Literature Review on Lithium-ion Battery Charging Technologies 123

5.1.1 The Academic Significance of Charging Technologies of Lithium-ion Batteries 123

5.1.2 Development of Charging Technologies for Lithium-ion Batteries 124

5.2 Key Indicators for Measuring Charging Characteristics 129

5.2.1 Charge Capacity 130

5.2.2 Charging Efficiency 135

5.2.3 Charging Time 141

5.3 Charging External Characteristic Parameters of the Lithium-ion Battery 146

5.3.1 Current 146

5.3.2 Voltage 146

5.3.3 Temperature 147

5.4 Analysis of Charging Polarization Voltage Characteristics 147

5.4.1 Calculation of the Polarization Voltage 147

5.4.2 Analysis of Charging Polarization in the Time Domain 150

5.4.3 Characteristic Analysis of the Charging Polarization in the SOC Domain 156

5.4.4 The Impact of Different SOCs and DODs on the Battery Polarization 160

5.5 Improvement of the Constant Current and Constant Voltage Charging Method 163

5.5.1 Selection of the Key Process Parameters in the CCCV Charging Process 164

5.5.2 Optimization Strategy for the CCCV Charging 165

5.6 Principles and Methods of the Polarization Voltage Control Charging Method 167

5.6.1 Principles 167

5.6.2 Implementation Methods 169

5.6.3 Comparison of the Constant Polarization Charging Method and the Traditional Charging Method 172

5.7 Summary 177

References 177

6 Evaluation and Equalization of Battery Consistency 179

6.1 Analysis of Battery Consistency 179

6.1.1 Causes of Batteries Inconsistency 180

6.1.2 The Influence of Inconsistency on the Performance of the Battery Pack 182

6.2 Evaluation Indexes of Battery Consistency 183

6.2.1 The Natural Parameters Influencing Parallel Connected Battery Characteristics 183

6.2.2 Parameters Influencing the Battery External Voltage 191

6.2.3 Method for Analysis of Battery Consistency 197

6.3 Quantitative Evaluation of Battery Consistency 201

6.3.1 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the External Voltage 202

6.3.2 Quantitative Evaluation of Consistency Based on the Capacity Util…