Smart Grids

On a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies.

Auteur

Nourredine Hadjsaïd is Professor at Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble in France, Director of the IDEA Consortium and a member of the International Energy Agency. Jean-Claude Sabonnadière is Emeritus Professor at the Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble in France. He is also an advisor to the President of the Industrial Cluster TENERRDIS (Alternative Energies), a consultant on energy systems and innovation, Life Fellow of the IEEE (USA), Fellow of IEE (UK), Emeritus of SEE (France).

Contenu

Foreword xv
Ronnie BELMANS

Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1
Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE

1.1. Introduction 1

1.1.1. The new energy paradigm 1

1.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 5

1.3. Integration of advanced technologies 7

1.4. The European energy perspective 10

1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 15

1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 16

1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 17

1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 18

1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 18

1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 19

1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 20

1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 21

1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 22

1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 23

1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 23

1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 28

1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 30

1.13. Conclusion 30

1.14. Bibliography 31

Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33
Catherine FAILLIET

2.1. Key trends 33

2.1.1. The crisis 33

2.1.2. Environmental awareness 35

2.1.3. New technologies 35
2.2. The evolution of the individual's relationship to energy 37

2.2.1. Curiosity 37

2.2.2. The need for transparency 38

2.2.3. Responsibility 38

2.3. The historical model of energy companies 39

2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 39

2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 40

2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 40

2.4. SmartGrids from the customer's point of view 42

2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 42

2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 45

2.4.3. The consumers' reluctance 47

2.5. What about possible business models? 49

2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz... and the search for a business model 49

2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 52

2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 54

2.6. Bibliography 56

Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57
Hervé MIGNON

3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 58

3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 62

3.3. New challenges 68

3.4. An evolving transmission grid 72

3.5. Conclusion 76

3.6. Bibliography 77

Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79
Jean-Louis COULLON

4.1. Introduction 79

4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 80

4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 81

4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 83

4.3. Demand response 87

4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 90

4.4.1. New storage methods 90

4.4.2. Microgrids 91

4.4.3. Electric vehicles 92

4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 92

4.6. Grid reliability analysis 94

4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 94

4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 95

4.6.3. Dynamic limits . 97

4.6.4. Self-healing grids 98

4.7. Smart asset management 99

4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 102

4.8.1. The need for pilot projects 102

4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 103

4.8.3. Renewables 103

4.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency 103

4.8.5. Cost/profit allocation 104

4.8.6. New regulatory frameworks 104

4.9. Standards 105

4.9.1. The case of smart grids 105

4.9.2. Work in progress 106

4.9.3. Cooperation 107

4.10. System architecture items 107

4.10.1. Broaden the vision 108

4.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration 112

4.10.3. Developing integration tools 112

4.11. Acknowledgements 113

4.12. Bibliography 113

Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution 115
Pierre MALLET

5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids 116

5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity 117

5.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy 118

5.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids 118

5.5. Smart Life 119

5.6. Smart Operation 120

5.7. Smart Metering 121

5.7.1. The Linky project 121

5.7.2. New services for customers 122

5.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management 122

5.8. Smart Services 123

5.9. Smart local optimization 123

5.9.1. Distributed generation 124

5.9.2. Active management of demand 126

5.9.3. Means of distributed storage 126

5.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles 127

5.9.5. Local optimization of the system 128

5.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids 128

5.11. Bibliography 129

Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids 131
Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON

6.1. Introduction 131

6.2. The structure of distribution grids 133

6.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations 133

6.2.2. Meshed and looped grids 135

6.2.3. Types of conductor 138

6.2.4. Underground/overhead 139

6.2.5. MV/LV substations 140

6.3. Planning of the distribution grids 140

6.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering 141

6.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures 143

6.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid 143

6.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning 148

6.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure 155

6.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid 162

6.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure 164

6.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses 166

6.4.1. The problem of copper losses 166

6.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem 169

6.4.3. Combinatorial optimization 176

6.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration 181

6.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids 191

6.5. Bibliography 193

Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools 197
Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN

7.1. Introduction 197

7.2. Voltage control 198

7.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks 198

7.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks 199

7.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation 199

7.2.4. Voltage control conclusion 210

7.3. Protection schemes 211

7.3.1. MV protection scheme 212

7.3.2. Neutral grounding modes 214

7.3.3. Fault characteristics 215

7.3.4. Power outages 216

7.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder 217

7.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project 221

7.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL pro…