Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion at Low Temperatures

The birth of this monograph is partly due to the persistent efforts of the General Editor, Dr. Klaus Timmerhaus, to persuade the authors that they encapsulate their forty or fifty years of struggle with the thermal properties of materials into a book before they either expired or became totally senile. We recognize his wisdom in wanting a monograph which includes the closely linked properties of heat capacity and thermal expansion, to which we have added a little 'cement' in the form of elastic moduli. There seems to be a dearth of practitioners in these areas, particularly among physics postgraduate students, sometimes temporarily alleviated when a new generation of exciting materials are found, be they heavy fermion compounds, high temperature superconductors, or fullerenes. And yet the needs of the space industry, telecommunications, energy conservation, astronomy, medical imaging, etc. , place demands for more data and understanding of these properties for all classes of materials - metals, polymers, glasses, ceramics, and mixtures thereof. There have been many useful books, including Specific Heats at Low Tempera tures by E. S. Raja Gopal (1966) in this Plenum Cryogenic Monograph Series, but few if any that covered these related topics in one book in a fashion designed to help the cryogenic engineer and cryophysicist. We hope that the introductory chapter will widen the horizons of many without a solid state background but with a general interest in physics and materials.

Contenu

1. Introduction.- 1.1. Thermodynamic Properties at Low Temperatures.- 1.2. Implications for Design of Equipment.- 1.3. Useful Theoretical Concepts.- 1.4. Plan of This Book.- 2. Basic Theory and Techniques.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Thermodynamics.- 2.3. Statistical Mechanics.- 2.4. Bonding and Interatomic Potentials.- 2.5. Some Model Systems.- 2.6. Lattice Vibrations.- 2.7. Approximate Equations of State.- 2.8. Anisotropic Strain and Stress: Elasticity.- 2.9. Calculation of , and from Elastic Data.- 2.10. Internal Strain.- 3. Measurement Techniques.- 3.1. General Principles.- 3.2. Heat Capacity by S. J. Collocott.- 3.3. Thermal Expansion.- 3.4. Elastic Moduli.- 4. Fluids.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Gases.- 4.3. Liquids and Dense Gases.- 4.4. Quantum Fluids; Liquid Helium.- 5. Non-Metals.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Rare Gas Solids.- 5.3. Rocksalt Structure.- 5.4. Fluorite Structure.- 5.5. Tetrahedrally Bonded Crystals.- 5.6. Useful Oxides: ?-Al203, MgO, ?-Si02, Ti02, Th02, Zr02(stab.).- 5.7. Glasses and Glass Ceramics.- 5.8. Highly Anisotropic Crystals.- 5.9. Polymers.- 5.10. High Tc Superconductors.- 5.11. Non-Metallic Magnetic Crystals.- 5.12. Mixed Systems, Dipoles etc..- 6. Metals.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Cubic Metals.- 6.3. Non-Cubic Metals.- 6.4. Magnetic Metals.- 6.5. Type I and Type II Superconductors.- 6.6. Heavy Electron Metals.- 7. Polycrystals, Composites and Aggregates.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Theory.- 7.3. Experiment.- 8. Cryocrystals, Clathrates and Curiosities.- 8.1. Cryocrystals.- 8.2. Other Rotationally Disordered Crystals.- 8.3. Clathrates.- 8.4. Curiosities.- 9. Conclusion.- Appendix A. Axes and Unit Cells in Crystals.- Appendix B. Manipulating Thermodynamic Expressions.- Appendix C. Tables.- Appendix D. Commonly Used Symbols.- References.