Dynamical Networks in Physics and Biology

The 1997 Les Houches workshop on "Dynamical Network in Physics and Biology" was the third in a series of meetings "At the Frontier between Physics and Biology". Our objective with these workshops is to create a truly interdisciplinary forum for researchers working on outstanding problems in biology, but using different approaches (physical, chemical or biological). Generally speaking, the biologists are trained in the particular and motivated by the specifics, while, in contrast, the physicists deal with generic and "universal" models. All agree about the necessity of developing "robust" models. The specific aim of the workshop was to bridge the gap between physics and biology in the particular field of interconnected dynamical networks. The proper functioning of a living organism of any complexity requires the coordinated activity of a great number of "units". Units, or, in physical terms, degrees of freedom that couple to one another, typically form networks. The physical or biological properties of interconnected networks may drastically differ from those of the individual units: the whole is not simply an assembly of its parts, as can be demonstrated by the following examples. Above a certain (critical) concentration the metallic islands, randomly distributed in an insulating matrix, form an interconnected network. At this point the macroscopic conductivity of the system becomes finite and the amorphous metal is capable of carrying current. The value of the macroscopic conductivity typically is very different from the conductivity of the individual metallic islands.

Texte du rabat

The 1997 Les Houches workshop on "Dynamical Network in Physics and Biology" was the third in a series of meetings "At the Frontier between Physics and Biology". Our objective with these workshops is to create a truly interdisciplinary forum for researchers working on outstanding problems in biology, but using different approaches (physical, chemical or biological). Generally speaking, the biologists are trained in the particular and motivated by the specifics, while, in contrast, the physicists deal with generic and "universal" models. All agree about the necessity of developing "robust" models. The specific aim of the workshop was to bridge the gap between physics and biology in the particular field of interconnected dynamical networks. The proper functioning of a living organism of any complexity requires the coordinated activity of a great number of "units". Units, or, in physical terms, degrees of freedom that couple to one another, typically form networks. The physical or biological properties of interconnected networks may drastically differ from those of the individual units: the whole is not simply an assembly of its parts, as can be demonstrated by the following examples. Above a certain (critical) concentration the metallic islands, randomly distributed in an insulating matrix, form an interconnected network. At this point the macroscopic conductivity of the system becomes finite and the amorphous metal is capable of carrying current. The value of the macroscopic conductivity typically is very different from the conductivity of the individual metallic islands.

Contenu
Lecture 1 Cooperative Phenomena in Physical Networks.- Networks of Biopolymers.- Lecture 2 Complex Networks in Cell Biology.- Lecture 3 The Keratocyte Cytoskeleton: A Dynamic Structural Network.- Lecture 4 Adhesion Mediated Signaling: The Role of Junctional Plaque Proteins in the Regulation of Tumorigenesis.- Lecture 5 Of Proteins, Redox States and Living Things.- Lecture 6 Tensegrity and the Emergence of a Cellular Biophysics.- Lecture 7 The Leukocyte Actin Cytoskeleton.- Lecture 8 Branched Polymers and Gels.- Lecture 9 Statistical Mechanisms of Semiflexible Polymers: Theory and Experiment.- Lecture 10 Scale Effects, Anisotropy and Non-Linearity of Tensegrity Structures: Applications to Cell Mechanical Behavior.- Cellular and Extracellular Networks.- Lecture 11 Networks of Extracellular Matrix and Adhesion Proteins.- Lecture 12 Networks of Extracellular Fibers and the Generation of Morphogenetic Forces.- Lecture 13 First Steps Towards a Comprehensive Model of Tissues, or: A Physicist Looks at Development.- Lecture 14 Networks of Droplets Induced by Coalescence: Application to Cell Sorting.- Lecture 15 A Monte-Carlo Approach to Growing Solid Non-Vascular Tumors.- Genetic, Immune, Molecular and Metabolic Networks.- Lecture 16 Intracellular Communication via Protein Kinase Networks.- Lecture 17 Molecular Networks that Regulate Development.- Lecture 18 H-Bond Networks in Stability and Function of Biological Macromolecules.- Lecture 19 A Network of Cell Interactions Mediated by Frizzled is Essential for Gastrulation and Anteroposterior Axis Determination in Xenopus Embryos.- Lecture 20 Fluid Lipid-Bilayer Membranes: Some Basic Physical Mechanisms for Lateral Self-Organization.- Lecture 21 Logical Analysis of Timing-Dependent Signaling Properties in the Immune System.- Lecture 22 A Water Channel Network in Cell Membranes of the Filter Chamber of Homopteran Insects.- Lecture 23 Creative Genomic Webs.- Neuronal Networks.- Lecture 24 Hebbian Learning of Temporal Correlations: Sound Localization in the Barn Owl Auditory System.- Application of Physical Models and Phenomena to Biological Systems.- Lecture 25 Structures of Supercoiled DNA and their Biological Implications.