Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment

Auteur

De-Sheng Pei, PhD, Professor & Doctoral Supervisor, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University. He is currently engaged in research on animal disease models, germ-free fish models, toxicological effects of environmental pollutants, and molecular mechanisms of disease caused by environmental pollutants. His discoveries have been published in more than 180 research papers. Yiyun Liu, PhD, School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University. In 2022, Dr. Liu graduated from the Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science (RCEES), Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Texte du rabat

Comprehensive resource covering toxicology fundamentals, distribution of pollutants in the environment, and research methodologies for toxicological assessment of chemical mixtures Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment offers an in-depth exploration of various approaches and molecular mechanisms regarding how minor alterations in chemical mixtures can influence an organism's toxicity, along with discussion of the challenges associated with assessing mixtures. The first section of the book provides a concise introduction to the background and significance of combined toxicity. Section two delves into the primary sources and enrichment mechanisms of different chemical mixtures, elucidating the biological exposure pathways of these compounds. Section three introduces both classical and emerging toxicological research models in detail. Building on the descriptions of compound emission, migration, accumulation, and transformation processes, and the analysis of combined molecular toxicity in the preceding sections, section four introduces computer mathematical modeling methods for hazard assessment of compound mixtures. The final section details the challenges and future trends in this field. Written by a highly qualified author and seasoned research contributor in the field, Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment covers sample topics including:

• The degradation, oxidation, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of various compounds in both the environment and in organisms
• A variety of cell models and in vivo research models of model organisms, supplemented with case studies
• Combined molecular toxicity mechanisms of heavy metals, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)
• Principal sources, fate, and mechanism of chemical mixtures in the environment, as well as experimental designs and sampling strategies for combined toxicity studies based on concentrations Toxicological Assessment of Combined Chemicals in the Environment serves as a valuable reference for researchers, students, and policymakers involved in environmental management and protection. It is particularly relevant for toxicologists, risk assessors, and those engaged in the molecular modeling of toxic mixtures.

Contenu

FOREWORD

Preface

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

List of Contributors

Chapter 1 Introduction to combined toxicology, background, key terminologies, and significance

1.1 Background

1.2 Key Terminologies

1.3 Significance

Chapter 2 Toxicokinetics of chemical mixture exposure in the environment

2.1 Unveiling Toxicokinetics

2.2 Toxicokinetics and chemical mixture assessment

2.3 List of toxic chemicals/pollutants present in the environment

2.4 Toxicokinetics of selected Organohalides compounds/mixtures

2.5 Conclusion

Chapter 3 Toxicodynamics of chemical mixtures exposure in the organism's body

3.1 Chemical mixtures in the environment

3.2 Model organism in toxicology

3.3 Toxicodynamics of chemical mixtures

3.4 Conclusion

Chapter 4 Principal sources, fate, and mechanism of chemical mixtures in the environment

4.1 Microplastic mixtures

4.2 Pesticide mixtures

4.3 Heavy metal and metalloid metal mixtures

4.4 Nanoparticle mixtures

4.5 Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

4.6 Antibiotic mixtures

Chapter 5 Experimental designs and sampling strategies for combined toxicity studies based on concentrations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Need for risk assessment studies

5.3 Risk assessment of mixture toxicity

5.4 Experimental designs and methodologies for mixture toxicity

5.5 Concentration of mixture substances

5.6 Concentration-based strategy

5.7 Ecotoxicity tests: acute (short-term exposure) and chronic test (long-term exposure)

5.8 Sampling of biomarkers

5.9 Animal models for combined toxicity

5.10 Conclusion

Chapter 6 Migration and transformation of chemical pollutants as mixtures

6.1 Volatile organic compounds

6.2 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

6.3 Tetrabromobisphenol A and its derivatives

6.4 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances

6.5 Organophosphorus flame retardants

6.6 Phthalic acid esters

6.7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

6.8 Alkylphenols

6.9 Methylsiloxanes

Chapter 7 Analytical Techniques used to detect chemical mixtures in the environment

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Navigating the complexities of mixture toxicity: A persistent challenge in environmental health

7.3 Advancing environmental monitoring: Towards a holistic understanding of chemical mixtures

7.4 Sample preparation: Enhancing specificity and efficiency in mixture analysis

7.5 Expanding the analytical toolbox: Emerging extraction techniques for complex environmental matrices

7.6 Analytical techniques for characterizing organic pollutants: Advancing beyond traditional approaches

7.7 Outlook: Towards holistic environmental monitoring with advanced analytical tools

Chapter 8 Common toxicological experimental models

8.1 Male reproductive function

8.2 Female reproductive function

Chapter 9 Combined molecular toxicity mechanism of heavy metals mixtures

9.1 Introduction: Heavy metal exposures were everywhere

9.2 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the cardiovascular system

9.3 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the nervous system

9.4 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the male reproductive system

9.5 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the female reproductive system

9.6 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the liver

9.7 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the immune system

9.8 Combined toxicity of heavy metals mixture in the regulation of immune mediators

9.9 Combined toxicity of heavy metals mixture in the immune response to the immunogen

9.10 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the tumorigenesis

9.11 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the Orofacial Clefts

9.12 Combined molecular toxicity of heavy metal mixtures in the olfactory system

Chapter 10 Combined molecular toxicity mechanism of pesticide mixtures

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Epidemiology of pesticide pollution

10.3 Diseases caused by pesticides

10.4 The combined molecular toxicity mechanisms of pesticide mixture

10.5 Summary

Chapter 11 Combined molecular toxicity mechanism of persistent organic pollutant (POP) mixtures

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Design of the components of POP mixtures and their concentrations

11.3 Developmental toxicity of POP mixtures

11.4 Endocrine effects of POP mixtures

11.5 Molecular toxicity mechanisms of POPs

11.6 Conclusion

Chapter 12 Combined molecular toxicity mechanism of emerging pollutants (PPCPs) mixtures

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Adverse drug interactions or reactions of pharmaceutical mixtures

12.3 Mechanistic toxicology of PPCP mixtures

12.4 Conclusions and recommendations for future studies

Chapter 13 Combined Molec…