Optical Shop Testing

The purpose of this third edition is to bring together in a single book descriptions of all tests carried out in the optical shop that are applicable to optical components and systems. This book is intended for the specialist as well as the non-specialist engaged in optical shop testing.

Auteur

Daniel Malacara, PhD, is a Professor at the Centro de Investigaciones en Optica, Leon, Gto, Mexico. A designer and constructor of optical instruments, including telescopes, he is well known for his books, including Optical Shop Testing, which has been translated into several languages. Dr. Malacara is a Fellow of the Optical Society of America and of SPIE, the International Society of Optical Engineering.

Texte du rabat

This updated Third Edition of the classic textbook is an essential reference for specialists and nonspecialists in the field of optical testing

Since the publication of the Second Edition of this book, many advances have taken place in the field of optical testing. Taking into account the changes in telecommunications, including the various forms of digital networks and their testing aspects, this Third Edition compiles the vast amount of research being conducted in optical engineering into one easily accessible source.

Optical Shop Testing, Third Edition brings together descriptions of all tests carried out in the optical shop that are applicable to optical components and systems. In addition to new chapters and modified material, this revised edition also includes information on:

• Testing of aspheric wavefronts, compensators, and null configurations

• Zernike polynomial and wavefront fitting

• Optical metrology of diffuse objects

• Angle, prism, curvature, and focal length measurements

• Mathematical representation of an optical surface and its characteristics

Intended for anyone engaged in optical shop testing, this essential textbook also includes a CD-ROM with an exhaustive list of resources and two programs for Windows(R), which will be useful when teaching or working in optical testing.

Contenu

Preface xvii

Contributors xix

Chapter 1. Newton, Fizeau, and Haidinger Interferometers 1
*M. V. Mantravadi and D. Malacara*

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Newton Interferometer 1

1.2.1. Source and Observer's Pupil Size Considerations 9

1.2.2. Some Suitable Light Sources 11

1.2.3. Materials for the Optical Flats 12

1.2.4. Simple Procedure for Estimating Peak Error 12

1.2.5. Measurement of Spherical Surfaces 13

1.2.6. Measurement of Aspheric Surfaces 15

1.2.7. Measurement of Flatness of Opaque Surfaces 17

1.3. Fizeau Interferometer 17

1.3.1. The Basic Fizeau Interferometer 18

1.3.2. Coherence Requirements for the Light Source 20

1.3.3. Quality of Collimation Lens Required 22

1.3.4. Liquid Reference Flats 23

1.3.5. Fizeau Interferometer with Laser Source 23

1.3.6. Multiple-Beam Fizeau Setup 24

1.3.7. Testing Nearly Parallel Plates 26

1.3.8. Testing the Inhomogeneity of Large Glass or Fused Quartz Samples 27

1.3.9. Testing the Parallelism and Flatness of the Faces of Rods, Bars and Plates 28

1.3.10. Testing Cube Corner and Right-Angle Prisms 28

1.3.11. Fizeau Interferometer for Curved Surfaces 30

1.3.12. Testing Concave and Convex Surfaces 32

1.4. Haldinger Interferometer 33

1.4.1. Applications of Haidinger Fringes 35

1.4.2. Use of Laser Source for Haidinger Interferometer 36

1.4.3. Other Applications of Haidinger Fringes 39

1.5. Absolute Testing of Flats 40

Chapter 2. Twyman-Green Interferometer 46
*D. Malacara*

2.1. Introduction 46

2.2. Beam-Splitter 48

2.2.1. Optical Path Difference Introduced by the Beam Splitter Plate 49

2.2.2. Required Accuracy in the Beam Splitter Plate 51

2.2.3. Polarizing Cube Beam Splitter 53

2.2.4. Nonpolarizing Cube Beam Splitter 55

2.3. Coherence Requirements 56

2.3.1. Spatial Coherence 56

2.3.2. Temporal Coherence 60

2.4. Uses of a Twyman-Green Interferometer 62

2.4.1. Testing of Prisms and Diffraction Rulings 64

2.4.2. Testing of Lenses 69

2.4.3. Testing of Microscope Objectives 71

2.5. Compensation of Intrinsic Aberrations in the Interferometer 72

2.6. Unequal-Path Interferometer 73

2.6.1. Some Special Designs 75

2.6.2. Improving the Fringe Stability 76

2.7. Open Path Interferometers 77

2.7.1. Mach-Zehnder Interferometers 77

2.7.2. Oblique Incidence Interferometers 78

2.8. Variations from the Twyman-Green Configuration 80

2.8.1. Multiple Image Interferometers 80

2.8.2. Interferometers with Diffractive Beam Splitters 80

2.8.3. Phase Conjugating Interferometer 81

2.9. Twyman-Green Interferograms and their Analysis 83

2.9.1. Analysis of Interferograms of Arbitrary Wavefronts 91

Chapter 3. Common-Path Interferometers 97
*S. Mallick and D. Malacara*

3.1. Introduction 97

3.2. Burch's Interferometer Employing Two Matched Scatter Plates 98

3.2.1. Fresnel Zone Plate Interferometer 102

3.2.2. Burch and Fresnel Zone Plate Interferometers for Aspheric Surfaces 102

3.2.3. Burch and Fresnel Zone Plate Interferometers for Phase Shifting 102

3.3. Birefringent Beam Splitters 104

3.3.1. Savart Polariscope 104

3.3.2. Wollaston Prism 106

3.3.3. Double-Focus Systems 107

3.4. Lateral Shearing Interferometers 108

3.4.1. Use of a Savart Polariscope 108

3.4.2. Use of a Wollaston Prism 111

3.5. Double-Focus Interferometer 112

3.6. Saunders's Prism Interferometer 114

3.7. Point Diffraction Interferometer 116

3.8. Zernike Tests with Common-Path Interferometers 118

Chapter 4. Lateral Shear Interferometers 122
*Strojnik, G. Paez, and M. Mantravadi*

4.1. Introduction 122

4.2. Coherence Properties of the Light Source 123

4.3. Brief Theory of Lateral Shearing Interferometry 124

4.3.1. Interferograms of Spherical and Flat Wavefronts 126

4.3.2. Interferogams of Primary Aberrations upon Lateral Shear 128

4.4. Evaluation of an Unknown Wavefront 134

4.5. Lateral Shearing Interferometers in Collimated Light (White Light Compensated) 137

4.5.1. Arrangements Based on the Jamin Interferometer 137

4.5.2. Arrangements Based on the Michelson Interferometer 139

4.5.3. Arrangements Based on a Cyclic Interferometer 140

4.5.4. Arrangements Based on the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 142

4.6. Lateral Shearing Interferometers in Convergent Light (White Light Compensated) 143

4.6.1. Arrangements Based on the Michelson Interferometer 143

4.6.2. Arrangements Based on the Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 146

4.7. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Using Lasers 149

4.7.1. Other Applications of the Plane Parallel Plate Interferometer 152

4.8. Other Types of Lateral Shearing Interferometers 157

4.8.1. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Based on Diffraction 158

4.8.2. Lateral Shearing Interferometers Based on Polarization 162

4.9. Vectorial Shearing Interferometer 164

4.9.1. Shearing Interferometry 165

4.9.2. Directional Shearing Interferometer 166

4.9.3. Simulated Interferometric Patterns 168

4.9.4. Experimental Results 173

4.9.5. Similarities and Differences With Other Interferometers 176

Chapter 5. Radial, Rotational, and Reversal Shear Interferometer 185
*D. Malacara*

5.1. Introduction 185

5.2. Radial Shear Interferometers 187

5.2.1. Wavefront Evaluation from Radial Shear Interferograms 189

5.2.2. Single-Pass Radial Shear Interferometers 190

5.2.3. Double-Pass Radial Shear Interferometers 195

5.2.4. Laser Radial Shear Interferometers 197

5.2.5. Thick-Lens Radial Shear Interferometers 202

5.3. Rotational Shear Interferometers 204

5.3.1. Source Size Uncompensated Rotational Shear Interferometers 207

5.3.2. Source Size Compensated Rotational Shear Interferometers 211

5.4. Reversal Shear Interferometers 211

5.4.1. Some Reversal Shear Interf…