Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Psychology

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By Christine Ma-Kellams

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Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Psychology: A Concise Introduction explores the specific ways one's cultural background shapes one's sense of self, emotions, motivation, judgments, relationships, and more. It discusses race, politics, God, sex, money, and how you like your coffee. In the process, this book unpacks "culture" in all its various forms, including (but not limited to) ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and religious culture. It also covers what happens when cultures collide (e.g., diversity issues and multiculturalism) and presents insights into the future of culture.

To this end, this book uses empirical psychological research on culture and applies it to real-world issues, like whether money makes one happy or being online makes one unwell. It presents the mounting evidence suggesting that much of our psychological processes is culture-specific, theory-driven, and context-dependent. It includes chapters on the newest, most groundbreaking issues facing the study of culture, including how to unpack the origins of culture-where it comes from, how to test the history of culture in modern-day laboratory studies, how culture shapes the brain (and how the brain changes culture), and the question of cultural change in the era of globalization.

Contenu

Preface

Acknowledgments

Introduction: Half of the World's Population Is . . .

We Are a (Uniquely) Cultural Species

Cross-Cultural Psychology Approaches and Methods

Goals and Non-goals of This Book

PART I: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR THE QUESTION OF HOW WE DIFFER

Chapter 1: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality

Defining Race, Culture, and Ethnicity

East Asians versus European Americans

African Americans

Latino/a Americans

Native Americans

White Identity

Key Concepts

Chapter 2: Class

A Brief History of Class

Defining Social Class

Key Concepts

Chapter 3: Religion

How Religious Are We, Really?

Brief History of Religion as Culture: The Protestant Work Ethic

Defining Religion: Culture, Religion, and Spirituality

Explaining Religion's Effects

Summary

Key Concepts

Chapter 4: Gender

Development of a Gendered Identity

Defining Gender versus Sex

How Different Are Men and Women, Really?

Key Concepts

Chapter 5: Region

Regional Variation in the United States: A Tale of Three Cities

Regional Variation in Homicides

Global Regional Variation: The Urban versus Rural Difference

Global Regional Variation: The Role of Environmental Threats

Key Concepts

Chapter 6: Human Universals

A Reasonable (but Wrong) Conclusion

Levels of Universality

Psychological Universals in the Four Fs: Fighting/Fleeing, Flirting, and Feeding

Morality Universals

Religious Universals

Key Concepts

PART II: MULTICULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY, OR WHEN CULTURES COLLIDE

Chapter 7: Intergroup Conflict: Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

Stereotypes versus Prejudice versus Discrimination

The Automatic Nature of Stereotypes and Prejudice

The Self-Confirming Nature of Stereotypes

Prejudice and Discrimination

Positive Stereotypes: Fact or Illusion?

Knowing Is Half the Battle: What Alleviates Stereotype Threat?

Summary

Key Concepts

Chapter 8: Ingroup Derogation and Self-Stereotyping

The Story of Race, Revisited

Ingroup Derogation among Racial Minorities

Ingroup Derogation among Low-Status Groups

Self-Stereotyping among Advantaged Groups

The "Black Sheep" Effect and Other Cases of Ingroup Derogation

Explaining Ingroup Derogation and Self-Stereotyping

Ingroup Derogation versus Self-Stereotyping

Key Concepts

Chapter 9: Identity and Acculturation

What Are You? (I Mean, Where Are You From?)

Defining Identity, Because It's Complicated

Having an Identity, Because Identification Matters

Changing Identity, Because Identity Is Fluid

Not All Immigrant Experiences Are Created Equal

Unpacking Minority Group Identities, Because Identity Is Socially Constructed

Key Concepts

Chapter 10: Navigating Diversity: Multiculturalism versus Culture-Blindness

Racism without Racists? Multiple Approaches to Diversity

Multiculturalism

Moderators and Mediators: Explaining the Ideology-Prejudice Link

The Role of Intergroup Contact in Shaping Attitudes toward Diversity

Key Concepts

PART III: THE FUTURE OF CULTURE

Chapter 11: Where Does Culture Come From?

A Lesson from Breaking Bad

A Brief History of Cultural Psychology

Culture as Ecology

Culture as Social Epidemiology

Culture as Gene-Environment Interactions

Explaining Between-Culture Variation

The Bottom Line

Key Concepts

Chapter 12: Culture and the Brain: Frontiers in Cultural Neuroscience

A Brief History of Neuroscience

Your Brain, on Culture: Universals across Ethnic Contexts

Your Brain, on Culture: Cultural Differences by Ethnicity

The Same, but Different (Again)

Additional Forms of Culture, Revisited

Key Concepts

Chapter 13: Predicting the Future: Tracking Cultural Change

Mechanisms for Cultural Change

Cultural Changes within the United States

Cultural Changes Outside the United States

Global Trends in Cultural Change

Conclusion

Key Concepts

Chapter 14: Newer Forms of Culture

LGBTQ+ Culture

Cultural Competency

Social Media Culture

Key Concepts

Epilogue

Culture Is Not Destiny

A Lesson from Baboons

References

Index

About the Author