Applied Hydrogeology

Texte du rabat

The text is designed for advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate-level courses in hydrology, groundwater hydrology, hydrogeology, and civil engineering.This best selling text gives students a balanced examination of all facets of hydrogeology. The text stresses the application of mathematics to problem solving rather than derivation of theory. It provides a balance between physical and chemical hydrogeology. Numerous case studies cultivate student understanding of the occurrence and movement of ground water in a variety of geologic settings.

Contenu

(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Notation, Analysis, and Problems.)

1. Water.

Water. Hydrology and Hydrogeology. The Hydrologic Cycle. Energy Transformations. The Hydrologic Equation. Hydrogeologists. Applied Hydrogeology. The Business of Hydrogeology (What Do Hydrogeologists Do All Day?) Sources of Hydrogeological Information. American Society of Testing and Materials Standards. Working the Problems. Solving Problems Using Spreadsheets.

2. Elements of the Hydrologic Cycle.

Evaporation. Transpiration. Evapotranspiration. Condensation. Formation of Precipitation. Measurement of Precipitation and Snow. Effective Depth of Precipitation. Events during Precipitation. Events During Precipitation. Stream Hydrographs. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships. Duration Curves. Determining Ground-Water Recharge from Baseflow. Measurement of Streamflow. Manning Equation.

3. Properties of Aquifers.

Matter and Energy (A Brief Review of Physics). Porosity of Earth Materials. Specific Yield. Hydraulic Conductivity of Earth Materials. Permeameters. Water Table. Aquifers. Water-Table and Potentiometric Surface Maps. Aquifer Characteristics. Compressibility and Effective Stress. Homogeneity and Isotropy. Gradient of the Potentiometric Surface.

4. Principles of Ground-Water Flow.

Introduction. Mechanical Energy. Hydraulic Head. Head in Water of Variable Density. Force Potential and Hydraulic Head. Darcy's Law. Equations of Ground-Water Flow. Solution of Flow Equations. Gradient of Hydraulic Head. Relationship of Ground-Water-Flow Direction to Grad h. Flow Lines and Flow Nets. Refraction of Flow Lines. Steady Flow in a Confined Aquifer. Steady Flow in an Unconfined Aquifer.

5. Ground-Water Flow to Wells.

Introduction. Basic Assumptions. Radial Flow. Computing Drawdown Caused by a Pumping Well. Determining Aquifer Parameters from Time-Drawdown Data. Slug Tests. Estimating Aquifer Transmissivity from Specific Capacity Data. Intersecting Pumping Cones and Well Interference. Effect of Hydrogeologic Boundaries. Aquifer-Test Design.

6. Soil Moisture and Ground-Water Recharge.

Introduction. Porosity and Water Content of Soil. Capillarity and the Capillary Fringe. Pore-Water Tension in the Vadose Zone. Soil Water. Theory of Unsaturated Flow. Water-Table Recharge.

7. Regional Ground-Water Flow.

Introduction. Steady Regional Ground-Water Flow in Unconfined Aquifers. Transient Flow in Regional Ground-Water Systems. Noncyclical Ground Water. Springs. Geology of Regional Flow Systems. Interactions of Ground Water and Lakes or Wetlands and Streams.

8. Geology of Ground-Water Occurrence.

Introduction. Unconsolidated Aquifers. Lithified Sedimentary Rocks. Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks. Ground Water in Permafrost Regions. Ground Water in Desert Areas. Coastal-Plain Aquifers. Fresh-Water-Saline-Water Relations. Tidal Effects. Ground-Water Regions of the United States.

9. Water Chemistry.

Introduction. Units of Measurement. Types of Chemical Reactions in Water. Law of Mass Action. Common-Ion Effect. Chemical Activities. Ionization Constant of Water and Weak Acids. Carbonate Equilibrium. Thermodynamic Relationships. Oxidation Potential. Ion Exchange. Isotope Hydrology. Major Ion Chemistry. Presentation of Results of Chemical Analyses.

10. Water Quality and Ground-Water Co