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Archaeological Sub-disciplines

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As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a sp...

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As with most academic disciplines, there are a number of archaeological sub-disciplines typically characterised by a focus on a specific method or type of material, geographical or chronological focus, or other thematic concern. In addition, certain civilizations have attracted so much attention that their study has been specifically named. These sub-disciplines include Assyriology (Mesopotamia), Phoeniciology (Phoenicia), Classical archaeology (Greece and Rome), and Egyptology (Egypt). The other main division of archaeology is into historical archaeology, which examines civilizations that left behind written records and prehistoric archaeology, which concerns itself with societies that did not have writing systems. However, the term is generally valid only in Europe and Asia where literate societies emerged without colonial influence. In areas where literacy arrived relatively late, it is more convenient to use other terms to divide up the archaeological record. In areas of semi-literacy the term protohistoric archaeology can be adopted to cover the study of societies with very limited written records.