Health Risk Assessment for Asbestos and Other Fibrous Minerals

Auteur

Andrey Korchevskiy, PhD, DABT, CIH is a biologist, mathematician, certified toxicologist, and certified industrial hygienist. He is the Director of Research and Development at Chemistry & Industrial Hygiene, Inc. James Rasmuson, PhD, CIH, DABT, and AIHA Fellow, is the founder and senior scientist at Chemistry & Industrial Hygiene, Inc. Eric Rasmuson, MS, MHS, DABT, CIH is the President/CEO of Chemistry & Industrial Hygiene, Inc.

Texte du rabat

Evaluates the risks and human health impacts of asbestos and other fibrous minerals Despite continuous efforts to eliminate asbestos from commercial use, it remains a serious occupational and environmental hazard. Health Risk Assessment for Asbestos and Other Fibrous Minerals provides a rigorous discussion of risk assessment methodology for elongate mineral particles, covering basics, theory, models, and practical applications, enabling readers to participate in carrying out efficient and informed health risk assessments, to estimate potential adverse effects for exposed populations, and to determine the acceptability of risks at a given level of exposure. Coverage includes:

• Mineralogy, health effects, pathology, exposure assessment, modeling, and characterization of risks for asbestos and similar toxic materials
• Necessary integration of epidemiology, toxicology, industrial hygiene, and environmental health expertise when performing a health risk assessment
• Emerging and not-well-known hazards, e.g. erionite and other naturally occurring fibrous minerals
• Contributions by Garry Burdett, Bruce Case, Lucy Darnton, Daniel Hall, Arseniy Korchevskiy, Brooke Mossman, Cassidy Strode, Robert Strode, and Ann Wylie
• Case studies and examples of risk calculations Health Risk Assessment for Asbestos and Other Fibrous Minerals is a highly practical reference on the subject for occupational and public health professionals, industry and government regulators, industrial hygienists, and risk assessors, along with epidemiologists, biostatisticians, toxicologists, and other scientific professionals.

Contenu

List of Contributors xv

Preface xvii

Part I Hazard Identification 1

1 Mineralogical Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Elongate Mineral Particles (EMPs): Asbestos, Fiber, and Fragment 3
Ann G. Wylie

Introduction 3

Nomenclature 6

Source Specificity: Chemical and Physical Properties 8

Source Specificity: Dimension 11

Structural Groupings of Common Elongate Minerals 13

Establishing the Chemical Composition of Minerals 15

Mineral Intergrowths and Associations 16

Bioreactivity of Mineral Surfaces: Chemical Factors 17

The Specificity of Mineral Surfaces: The Example of Quartz 17

General Considerations of Solubility 18

Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 20

Coatings 21

Surface Charge 22

EMP Surfaces: Chain Silicates and Zeolites 23

Physical Factors 24

Specific Surface Area 24

Enthalpy and Other Thermodynamic Properties 26

Density and Aerodynamic Diameter 26

Stiffness and Tensile Strength 28

The Effects of Heat 30

Dimensionality: General Considerations 30

Establishing Measurement Protocols 32

Optical vs. Electron Microscopy Methods 32

Stratified Counting 34

Sample Preparation for TEM: Direct vs. Indirect Preparation 34

Frequency Distributions of Length and Width 35

Lung Burden 37

Dimensionality and Carcinogenicity 38

Discussion 39

References 40

2 Toxicology of Mineral Fibers and Implications for Risk Assessment 52
Brooke T. Mossman

Introduction 52

Use of Rodent Models to Analyze the Toxicity to Disease Potential of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Fibers 53

Inhalation Studies 53

Intratracheal Instillation and Oropharyngeal Aspiration Studies 54

Intrapleural Injection Studies 54

Intraperitoneal Injection Studies 54

Comparative Results on Effects of Asbestos and Other Naturally Occurring Fibers in Rodent Studies 54

In vitro Models of Toxicity 66

Advantages and Disadvantage of In vitro Models 66

Contributions of In vitro Models to Understanding Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity and Carcinogenesis by Mineral Fibers 67

Properties of Mineral Fibers Important in Toxicity and Carcinogenic Effects 68

A Systems Biology Approach to Understanding Connections and Interactions Between Adverse Outcomes in Mineral Fiber-Induced Diseases 71

References 72

3 Health Outcomes of Asbestos Exposure - A Pathology and Diagnostic Perspective 82
Bruce Case

Introduction 82

Nonmalignant Change in Structure or Function 83

Nonmalignant Asbestos-Related Disease 84

Pleural 84

Asbestos Effusion 84

Pleural Plaques and Localized Pleural Thickening (LPT) 84

Diffuse Pleural Thickening 88

Rounded Atelectasis 89

Lung 89

Asbestosis 89

Malignant Diseases Attributable to Asbestos Exposure 92

General Comments 92

Asbestos-Related Lung Cancer 94

Mesothelioma - Accelerating Knowledge 96

References 102

Part II Exposure Assessment 109

4 Principles of Exposure Assessment for Elongate Mineral Particles (EMPs) 111
Eric Rasmuson, James Rasmuson, and Andrey Korchevskiy

General Principles and Methods 113

Gathering Information 113

Evaluating the Quality of Data 114

Measurement Techniques 116

Comparison of the Results of Different Analytical Methodologies 120

Proximity to the Emission Source 121

Adjusting Results for Censored Data 122

Correlation of EMP Exposures and Lung Burden Analysis 122

References 123

5 Asbestos Exposure Measurements: Principles of Current and Historical Data Interpretation 127
Garry Burdett

Aim and Background 127

Causes of Asbestos-Related Lung Disease and Their Relationship to Exposure Assessment 128

Exposure Measurement 130

Historic Methods of Asbestos Exposure Measurement 131

Gravimetric Methods 131

Impaction Sampling and Microscopic Particle Counting 132

Impinger Sampling and Microscopic Particle Counting 132

Thermal Precipitator (TP) Sampling and Microscopic Particle Counting 133

Direct Reading Instruments for Particle and Fiber Counting 134

Early Sampling Strategies 135

Development of the Current Analytical Methods for Fiber Counting 136

Membrane Filter Sampling and Phase Contrast Microscopy Fiber Counting (MF-PCM) 136

Membrane Filter Sampling and Electron Microscopy (EM) Analysis 137

Limitations of Current Indices of Exposure Assessment 139

Variability of the MF-PCM Index Over Time 140

Sampling Method 140

Sample Preparation 141

Microscope Equipment and Set-Up 142

Fiber Definition 143

Counting Procedures and Performance 144

Effect of Changes to the MF-PCM Counts Over Time 145

Conclusion 146

Acknowledgements 147

References 147

6 Asbestos Exposure Modeling Using Advanced Tools Including Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) 153
Daniel Hall, James Rasmuson, and Cassidy Strode

Introduction 153

Validation and Application of CFD Air Dispersion Modeling 155

Overview of CFD General Methodology 157

CFD Simulation Set-Up 159

Geometry Creation and Set-Up 159

Mesh Creation 160

Parameter Set-Up 160

Computational Solve 162

Post-processing 162

Complementary Modeling Software Tools 163

Other Software Tools 164

Indoor and Outdoor Modeling Examples 164

First Example - Indoor CFD Modeling 164

Preliminary Outdoor CFD Wind Simulation - Effect on Indoor Ventilation 166

Indoor CFD Simulations 168

Mill Ventilation 168

Other Model Parameters 169

Source Descriptions 170

Reheat Furnace Brick Removal Source 170

Pipe Insulation Removal Source 171

CFD Results 172

Second Example - Outdoor CFD, AERMOD, and CALPUFF Models 174

Model Geometry 177

Receptor Descriptions 177

Source Descriptions 177

Fugitive Plant Emission - Manufacturing, Finishing, Fiber Warehouse, Tray…