Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern

Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern

Provides the analytical methodology required to detect different families of organic compounds of emerging concern (CECs) from environmental samples

Most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) --such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, sunscreens, perfluorinated compounds, and microplastics--have been present in the environment for years, yet some have only recently been identified, and many of these organic compounds remain unregulated. Analytical methods have been developed to determine the toxicity and risk of different families of CECs.

Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern presents the methods currently available to determine families of organic CECs in environmental samples. Each section of the book is devoted to a particular family of CECs, covering different analytical methods supported by examples of both cutting-edge research and commonly used methods. An international panel of experts describes every step of the analytical procedures, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry or other instrumental techniques. Specific requirements are linked to the properties of the contaminants and the sample matrix for each procedure presented. Throughout the book, in-depth case studies of analytical procedures for CEC extraction, separation, and determination are presented to help readers transfer the analytical methods to their laboratories.

• Provides detailed descriptions of various approaches for determining each group of CECs in environmental samples
• Covers different types of aqueous, solid, and atmospheric samples
• Includes up-to-date information on CEC properties, relevant legislation, reported or potential metabolites/transformation products, and environmental occurrence
• Addresses CECs such as novel psychoactive substances, artificial sweeteners, musk fragrances, disinfection byproducts, and microplastics
• Offers practical tips and advice on special care procedures to assist readers in CEC determination

Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern is an essential reference and guide for advanced students and researchers in analytical chemistry and science, environmental science, forensic science, and specialized subjects related to analytical chemistry.

Autorentext

Núria Fontanals, Senior Researcher, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Spain. Her research career has combined the preparation of materials for different extraction techniques and their evaluation and application in analytical fields using chromatographic techniques followed by mass spectrometry detection to determine contaminants in environmental samples.

Rosa Maria Marcé, Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Spain. Her research has contributed to the development of analytical methods for environmental pollutants, mainly based on chromatography-mass spectrometry with special emphasis in sample treatment.

Klappentext

Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern Provides the analytical methodology required to detect different families of organic compounds of emerging concern (CECs) from environmental samples Most contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) --such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, sunscreens, perfluorinated compounds, and microplastics--have been present in the environment for years, yet some have only recently been identified, and many of these organic compounds remain unregulated. Analytical methods have been developed to determine the toxicity and risk of different families of CECs. Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern presents the methods currently available to determine families of organic CECs in environmental samples. Each section of the book is devoted to a particular family of CECs, covering different analytical methods supported by examples of both cutting-edge research and commonly used methods. An international panel of experts describes every step of the analytical procedures, including sample preparation, chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry or other instrumental techniques. Specific requirements are linked to the properties of the contaminants and the sample matrix for each procedure presented. Throughout the book, in-depth case studies of analytical procedures for CEC extraction, separation, and determination are presented to help readers transfer the analytical methods to their laboratories. Provides detailed descriptions of various approaches for determining each group of CECs in environmental samples Covers different types of aqueous, solid, and atmospheric samples Includes up-to-date information on CEC properties, relevant legislation, reported or potential metabolites/transformation products, and environmental occurrence Addresses CECs such as novel psychoactive substances, artificial sweeteners, musk fragrances, disinfection byproducts, and microplastics * Offers practical tips and advice on special care procedures to assist readers in CEC determination Analytical Methods for Environmental Contaminants of Emerging Concern is an essential reference and guide for advanced students and researchers in analytical chemistry and science, environmental science, forensic science, and specialized subjects related to analytical chemistry.

Inhalt

Contributors xi

Preface xv

1 Pesticides 1
Irene Domínguez, Rosalía López Ruiz, Antonia Garrido Frenich, and Roberto Romero González

1.1 Overview of Pesticides 1

1.1.1 Properties 1

1.1.2 Legislation 2

1.1.3 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 3

1.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 4

1.2 Sample Preparation and Collection 9

1.2.1 Protocols for Collecting and Preparing Samples 9

1.2.2 Sample Extraction and Clean-up 10

1.3 Determination of Pesticides 20

1.3.1 Development of the Instrumental Method 20

1.3.1.1 Chromatography 20

1.3.1.2 Detection 22

1.3.2 Figures of Merit 24

1.3.3 Hints and Tips 24

1.4 Future Directions and Challenges 25

Acknowledgments 26

Bibliography 26

2 Pharmaceuticals 37
Monika Paszkiewicz, Hanna Lis, Magda Caban, Anna Biäk-Bieli ska, and Piotr Stepnowski

2.1 Overview of Pharmaceuticals 37

2.1.1 Properties 37

2.1.2 Reported or Potential Metabolites and/or Transformation Products 37

2.1.3 Occurrence 39

2.1.4 Legislation 44

2.2 Sampling and Sample Preparation 46

2.2.1 Solid Samples 46

2.2.2 Water Samples 47

2.3 Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals 51

2.3.1 Gas Chromatography and Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 51

2.3.2 Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry 55

2.4 Conclusion and Future Trends 60

References 60

3 Personal Care Products 71
Maria Llompart, Maria Celeiro, and Thierry Dagnac

3.1 Overview of Personal Care Products 71

3.1.1 Properties 71

3.1.2 Legislation 72

3.1.3 Transformation Products 73

3.1.4 Occurrence in the Environment 73

3.2 Sample Preparation for PCPs in the Aquatic Environment 74

3.2.1 Sorbent-based Methodologies 75

3.2.1.1 Solid-phase Extraction 75

3.2.1.2 Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction 99

3.2.1.3 Stir-bar Sorptive Extraction 100

3.2.1.4 Solid-phase Microextraction 102

3.2.2 Liquid-based Extraction Techniques 104

3.2.2.1 Microextraction Liquid Phase Approaches: DLLME, SDME, USAEME 104

3.3 Determination of Personal Care Products 107

3.4 Future Directions and Challenges 108

Acknowledgements 108

References 109

4 New Psychoactive Substances 127
*Noelia Salgueiro-González, Ettore Zuccat…