Metal-Air Batteries

A comprehensive overview of the research developments in the burgeoning field of metal-air batteries An innovation in battery science and technology is necessary to build better power sources for our modern lifestyle needs. One of the main fields being explored for the possible breakthrough is the development of metal-air batteries. Metal-Air Batteries: Fundamentals and Applications offers a systematic summary of the fundamentals of the technology and explores the most recent advances in the applications of metal-air batteries. Comprehensive in scope, the text explains the basics in electrochemical batteries and introduces various species of metal-air batteries. The author-a noted expert in the field-explores the development of metal-air batteries in the order of Li-air battery, sodium-air battery, zinc-air battery and Mg-O2 battery, with the focus on the Li-air battery. The text also addresses topics such as metallic anode, discharge products, parasitic reactions, electrocatalysts, mediator, and X-ray diffraction study in Li-air battery. Metal-Air Batteries provides a summary of future perspectives in the field of the metal-air batteries. This important resource: -Covers various species of metal-air batteries and their components as well as system designation -Contains groundbreaking content that reviews recent advances in the field of metal-air batteries -Focuses on the battery systems which have the greatest potential for renewable energy storage Written for electrochemists, physical chemists, materials scientists, professionals in the electrotechnical industry, engineers in power technology, Metal-Air Batteries offers a review of the fundamentals and the most recent developments in the area of metal-air batteries.

Autorentext

Xin-bo Zhang, PhD, is Professor in Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China. His research interests mainly focus on functional inorganic materials for energy storage and conversion with fuel cells and batteries, especially lithium-air batteries.

Inhalt
Preface xiii

**1 Introduction to MetalAir Batteries: Theory and Basic Principles 1
**Zhiwen Chang and Xin-bo Zhang

1.1 LiO2 Battery 1

1.2 SodiumO2 Battery 5

References 7

**2 Stabilization of Lithium-Metal Anode in Rechargeable LithiumAir Batteries 11
**Bin Liu,Wu Xu, and Ji-Guang Zhang

2.1 Introduction 11

2.2 Recent Progresses in Li Metal Protection for LiO2 Batteries 13

2.2.1 Design of Composite Protective Layers 13

2.2.2 New Insights on the Use of Electrolyte 18

2.2.3 Functional Separators 25

2.2.4 Solid-State Electrolytes 29

2.2.5 Alternative Anodes 30

2.3 Challenges and Perspectives 30

Acknowledgment 32

References 32

**3 LiAir Batteries: Discharge Products 41
**Xuanxuan Bi, RongyueWang, and Jun Lu

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Discharge Products in Aprotic LiO2 Batteries 43

3.2.1 Peroxide-based LiO2 Batteries 43

3.2.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions 43

3.2.1.2 Crystalline and Electronic Band Structure of Li2O2 44

3.2.1.3 Reaction Mechanism and the Coexistence of Li2O2 and LiO2 47

3.2.2 Superoxide-based LiO2 Batteries 52

3.2.3 Problems and Challenges in Aprotic LiO2 Batteries 54

3.2.3.1 Decomposition of the Electrolyte 54

3.2.3.2 Degradation of the Carbon Cathode 55

3.3 Discharge Products in LiAir Batteries 56

3.3.1 Challenges to Exchanging O2 to Air 56

3.3.2 Effect ofWater on Discharge Products 56

3.3.2.1 Effect of Small Amount ofWater 56

3.3.2.2 Aqueous LiO2 Batteries 57

3.3.3 Effect of CO2 on Discharge Products 59

3.3.4 Current LiAir Batteries and Perspectives 60

Acknowledgment 61

References 61

**4 Electrolytes for LiO2 Batteries 65
**Alex R. Neale, Peter Goodrich, Christopher Hardacre, and Johan Jacquemin

4.1 General LiO2 Battery Electrolyte Requirements and Considerations 65

4.1.1 Electrolyte Salts 69

4.1.2 Ethers and Glymes 73

4.1.3 Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) and Sulfones 76

4.1.4 Nitriles 78

4.1.5 Amides 79

4.1.6 Ionic Liquids 80

4.1.7 Solid-State Electrolytes 86

4.2 Future Outlook 87

References 87

**5 LiOxygen Battery: Parasitic Reactions 95
**Xiahui Yao, Qi Dong, Qingmei Cheng, and DunweiWang

5.1 The Desired and Parasitic Chemical Reactions for LiOxygen Batteries 95

5.2 Parasitic Reactions of the Electrolyte 96

5.2.1 Nucleophilic Attack 97

5.2.2 Autoxidation Reaction 99

5.2.3 AcidBase Reaction 100

5.2.4 Proton-mediated Parasitic Reaction 100

5.2.5 Additional Parasitic Chemical Reactions of the Electrolyte: Reduction Reaction 102

5.3 Parasitic Reactions at the Cathode 102

5.3.1 The Corrosion of Carbon in the Discharge Process 104

5.3.2 The Corrosion of Carbon in the Recharge Process 106

5.3.3 Catalyst-induced Parasitic Chemical Reactions 106

5.3.4 Alternative Cathode Materials and Corresponding Parasitic Chemistries 110

5.3.5 Additives and Binders 111

5.3.6 Contaminations 111

5.4 Parasitic Reactions on the Anode 112

5.4.1 Corrosion of the Li Metal 114

5.4.2 SEI in the Oxygenated Atmosphere 114

5.4.3 Alternative Anodes and Associated Parasitic Chemistries 115

5.5 New Opportunities from the Parasitic Reactions 116

5.6 Summary and Outlook 117

References 118

**6 LiAir Battery: Electrocatalysts 125
**Zhiwen Chang and Xin-bo Zhang

6.1 Introduction 125

6.2 Types of Electrocatalyst 126

6.2.1 Carbonaceous Materials 126

6.2.1.1 Commercial Carbon Powders 126

6.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 126

6.2.1.3 Graphene 127 &...