Additives in Polymers

This industrially relevant resource covers all established and
emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric
materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components.

• Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial
  merits.

• Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics)
  and industrial applicability.

• Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400
  tables, and 3,000 references.

Autorentext
Jan C.J. Bart (PhD Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial carrier in R&D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas; he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the Universities of Leeds (Colour Chemistry) and Oxford (Material Science), a visiting scientist at Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse (CNRS, Villeurbanne), and a Meyerhoff Visiting Professor at WIS (Rehovoth), and held an Invited Professorship at USTC (Hefei). He is currently a Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina.
He is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Dutch Chemical Society, Society of Plastic Engineers and The Institute of Materials.

Klappentext
Designed to inspire analytical chemists, polymer and material scientists, graduates and post-graduates, laboratory technicians and other practitioners working for industry, academia, government and regulatory agencies concerned with plastic products, this title provides systematic coverage of the latest instrumental methods for monitoring, deformulation and troubleshooting with an emphasis on additive analysis. The book is extensively illustrated with figures, flow diagrams and tables to facilitate a rapid understanding of this topic and the many thousands of references make this text an invaluable and up-to-date-guide. Current analytical strategy and best practice of this highly multidisciplinary field are outlined and illustrated with key industrial applications and case studies. Detailed coverage comprises sample preparation, separation, identification, hyphenation and quantification techniques, and much, much more

Zusammenfassung
This industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components.

• Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits.
• Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability.
• Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.

Inhalt

Foreword ix

Preface xi

About the Author xiii

Acknowledgements xv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

1.1 Additives 2

1.1.1 Additive functionality 3

1.2 Plastics formulations 5

1.2.1 Supply forms 7

1.2.2 Additive delivery 9

1.3 Economic impact of polymer additives 9

1.4 Analysis of plastics 11

1.4.1 Regulations and standardisation 15

1.4.2 Prior art 17

1.4.3 Databases 19

1.4.4 Scope 20

1.4.5 Chapter overview 22

1.5 Bibliography 23

1.5.1 Plastics additives 23

1.5.2 Processing technologies 23

1.5.3 Instrumental analysis 23

1.5.4 Polymer analysis 24

1.5.5 Polymer/additive analysis 24

1.6 References 24

Chapter 2 Deformulation Principles 29

2.1 Polymer identification 30

2.2 Additive analysis of rubbers: 'Best Practice' 32

2.3 Polymer extract analysis 42

2.4 In situ polymer/additive analysis 46

2.5 Class-specific polymer/additive analysis 47

2.6 Bibliography 48

2.6.1 Polymer identification 48

2.6.2 Deformulation of rubbers 48

2.6.3 Deformulation of polymers 48

2.7 References 48

Chapter 3 Sample Preparation Perspectives 51

3.1 Solvents 54

3.1.1 Polymer solubility criteria 55

3.1.2 Solubility parameters 55

3.1.3 Polymer solutions 56

3.2 Extraction strategy 57

3.3 Conventional extraction technologies 59

3.3.1 Liquidliquid extraction 60

3.3.2 Liquidsolid extraction 60

3.3.3 Classical solvent extractions of additives from polymers 61

3.3.4 Sonication 75

3.4 High-pressure solvent extraction methods 81

3.4.1 Supercritical fluid technology 81

3.4.2 Analytical SFE 85

3.4.3 Subcritical water extraction 100

3.4.4 Microwave technology 101

3.4.5 Microwave-assisted extractions 104

3.4.6 Pressurised fluid extraction 117

3.5 Sorbent extraction 123

3.5.1 Solid-phase extraction 124

3.5.2 Solid-phase microextraction 129

3.5.3 Stir bar sorptive extraction 133

3.6 Methodological comparison of extraction methods 134

3.6.1 Experimental comparisons 136

3.6.2 Extraction selectivity 138

3.6.3 'Nonextractable' additive analysis 140

3.7 Polymer/additive dissolution methods 146

3.8 Hydrolysis 152

3.9 Bibliography 155

3.9.1 Sampling and sample preparation 155

3.9.2 Solvents/solubility 155

3.9.3 Extraction methods 156

3.10 References 156

Chapter 4 Separation Techniques 171

4.1 Analytical detectors 177

4.2 Gas chromatography 181

4.2.1 High-temperature gas chromatography 200

4.2.2 Headspace gas chromatography 202

4.3 Supercritical fluid chromatography 205

4.4 Liquid chromatography techniques 217

4.4.1 Planar chromatographies 218

4.4.2 Column chromatographies 230

4.5 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 273

4.6 Bibliography 278

4.6.1 General texts 278

4.6.2 Detectors 279

4.6.3 Gas chromatography 279

4.6.4 Supercritical fluid chromatography 279

4.6.5 Thin-layer chromatography 279

4.6.6 Liquid chromatography 280

4.6.7 Size-exclusion chromatography 280

4.6.8 Ion chromatography 280

4.6.9 Capillary electrophoretic techniques 280

4.7 References 281

Chapter 5 Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative 299

5.1 Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry 302

5.2 Infrared spectroscopy 311

5.3 Luminescence spectroscopy 318

5.4 High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 323 5.4.1 Multidimens...