Sustainable Engineering

Assessing Engineering Designs for Environmental, Economic, and Social Impact Engineers will play a central role in addressing one of the twenty-first century's key challenges: the development of new technologies that address societal needs and wants within the constraints imposed by limited natural resources and the need to protect environmental systems.

To create tomorrow's sustainable products, engineers must carefully consider environmental, economic, and social factors in evaluating their designs. Fortunately, quantitative tools for incorporating sustainability concepts into engineering designs and performance metrics are now emerging. Sustainable Engineering introduces these tools and shows how to apply them.

Building on widely accepted principles they first introduced in Green Engineering, David T. Allen and David R. Shonnard discuss key aspects of designing sustainable systems in any engineering discipline. Their powerful, unified approach integrates essential engineering and quantitative design skills, industry perspectives, and case studies, enabling engineering professionals, educators, and students to incorporate sustainability throughout their work. Coverage includes

• A concise review of the natural resource and environmental challenges engineers face when designing for sustainability
• Analysis and legislative frameworks for addressing environmental issues and sustainability
• Methods for identifying green and sustainable materials
• Principles for improving the sustainability of engineering designs
• Tools for evaluating sustainable designs and monetizing their benefits

Autorentext

Dr. David T. Allen is the Gertz Regents Professor of Chemical Engineering, and the director of the Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of multiple books and hundreds of scientific papers in areas ranging from coal liquefaction and heavy oil chemistry to the chemistry of urban atmospheres. The quality of his work has been recognized by research awards from the National Science Foundation, the AT&T Foundation, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the Association of Environmental Engineering and Science Professors, and the State of Texas. The findings from his research have been used to guide air quality policy development, and he has served on the U.S. EPA's Science Advisory Board and the National Research Council's Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, addressing issues at the interface between science, engineering, and public policy. For the past two decades, his work has also focused on the development of materials for environmental education, including coauthoring the textbook Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes. He has won teaching awards at the University of Texas and UCLA. Dr. Allen received his B.S. in chemical engineering, with distinction, from Cornell University in 1979. His M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering were awarded by the California Institute of Technology in 1981 and 1983. He has held visiting faculty appointments at the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the Department of Energy.

Dr. David R. Shonnard is Robbins Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Michigan Technological University and director of the Sustainable Futures Institute. He received a B.S. in chemical/metallurgical engineering from the University of Nevada, Reno, in 1983; an M.S. in chemical engineering from the University of California, Davis, in 1985; a Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis, in 1991; postdoctoral training in bioengineering at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory from 1990 to 1993; and he was a visiting instructor at the University of California at Berkeley in 2003. His experiences in life-cycle assessment (LCA) methods and applications include a one-year sabbatical at the Eco-efficiency Analysis Group at BASF AG in Ludwigshafen, Germany. He has been on the faculty in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Michigan Technological University since 1993. Dr. Shonnard has more than twenty years of academic experience in sustainability issues in the chemical industry and Green Engineering. He is coauthor of the textbook Green Engineering: Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes, published by Prentice Hall in 2002. His current research interests focus on investigations of new forest-based biorefinery processes for production of transportation fuels, such as cellulosic ethanol and pyrolysis-based biofuels, from woody biomass using recombinant DNA and other approaches. Another active research area is LCA of biofuels and other biorefinery products to determine greenhouse gas emissions and net energy balances. He has contributed to National Academy of Sciences publications on green chemistry/engineering/sustainability in the chemical industry. Dr. Shonnard has coauthored 70 peer-reviewed publications and received numerous honors and awards for teaching and research into environmental issues of the chemical industry, including the Ray W. Fahien Award from ASEE (2003). He is a recipient of the NSF/Lucent Technologies Foundation Industrial Ecology Research Fellowship (1998) for research that integrates environmental impact assessment with process design.

Inhalt

Preface ix Acknowledgments xi

About the Authors xiii

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Sustainability 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 The Magnitude of the Sustainability Challenge 2

1.3 Energy 3

1.4 Materials Use 8

1.5 Environmental Emissions 13

1.6 Summary 27

Problems 28

References 32

Chapter 2: Risk and Life-Cycle Frameworks for Sustainability 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Risk 35

2.3 Life-Cycle Frameworks 42

2.4 Life-Cycle Assessment Tools 55

2.5 Summary 57

Problems 57

Appendix: Readily Available Hazard References 61

References 62

Chapter 3: Environmental Law and Regulation 65

3.1 Introduction 65

3.2 Nine Prominent Federal Environmental Statutes 68

3.3 Evolution of Regulatory and Voluntary Programs from End-of-Pipe to Pollution Prevention and Sustainability 72

3.4 Pollution Prevention Concepts and Terminology 73

3.5 Environmental Law and Sustainability 74

Problems 75

Appendix 77

References 89

Chapter 4: Green, Sustainable Materials 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Environmental and Natural Resource Use Footprints of Material Extraction and Refining 91

4.3 Tracking Material Flows in Engineered Systems 99

4.4 Environmental Releases 107

4.5 Summary 114

Problems 114

References 115

Chapter 5: Design for Sustainability: Economic, Environmental, and Social Indicators 117

5.1 Introduction 117

5.2 Sustainable Engineering Design Principles 118

5.3 Economic Performance Indicators 126

5.4 Environmental Performance Indicators 133

5.5 Social Performance Indicators 146

5.6 Summary 149

Problems 149

Appendix 151

References 160

Chapter 6: Case Studies 165

6.1 Introduction 165

6.2 Biofuels for Transportation 166

6.3 Transportation, Logistics, and Supply Chains 181

6.4 Sustainable Built Environments 186

6.5 Additional Case Studies 201

References 201

Index 207