Targeting Protein Kinases for Cancer Therapy

An expert guide to targeting protein kinases in cancer
therapy

Research has shown that protein kinases can instigate the
formation and spread of cancer when they transmit faulty signals
inside cells. Because of this fact, pharmaceutical scientists have
targeted kinases for intensive study, and have been working to
develop medicinal roadblocks to sever their malignant means of
communication.

Complete with full-color presentations, Targeting Protein
Kinases for Cancer Therapy defines the structural features of
protein kinases and examines their cellular functions. Combining
kinase biology with chemistry and pharmacology applications, this
book enlists emerging data to drive the discovery of new
cancer-fighting drugs. Valuable information includes:

• Comprehensive overviews of the major kinase families involved in
  oncology, integrating protein structure and function, and providing
  important tools to assist pharmaceutical researchers to understand
  and work in this dynamic area of cancer drug research

• Focus on small molecule inhibitors as well as other therapeutic
  modalities

• Discussion of kinase inhibitors that have entered clinical
  trials for the treatment of cancer, with an emphasis on molecules
  that have progressed to late stage clinical trials and, in a few
  cases, to market

Providing a platform for further study, this important work
reviews both the successes and challenges of kinase inhibitor
therapy, and provides insight into future directions in the war
against cancer.

Autorentext

DAVID J. MATTHEWS is Executive Director of Oncology
Discovery at Exelixis, where he is responsible for cancer drug
discovery. For more than fifteen years, Dr. Matthews has been
involved in drug discovery projects in industry, with particular
focus on small molecule inhibitors. He has twenty scientific
publications and multiple patents to his credit.

MARY E. GERRITSEN is Vice President of Molecular and
Cellular Pharmacology at Exelixis, where she is in charge of
cell-based screening in preclinical research and of biomarker
studies for clinical development compounds in Phase I and II
studies. Her prior industry experience includes positions at
Genentech, Bayer and Millennium Pharmaceuticals. She has authored
more than one hundred peer-reviewed articles and twenty-six book
chapters and is an inventor on forty-two issued patents.

Zusammenfassung
An expert guide to targeting protein kinases in cancer therapy Research has shown that protein kinases can instigate the formation and spread of cancer when they transmit faulty signals inside cells. Because of this fact, pharmaceutical scientists have targeted kinases for intensive study, and have been working to develop medicinal roadblocks to sever their malignant means of communication.

Complete with full-color presentations, Targeting Protein Kinases for Cancer Therapy defines the structural features of protein kinases and examines their cellular functions. Combining kinase biology with chemistry and pharmacology applications, this book enlists emerging data to drive the discovery of new cancer-fighting drugs. Valuable information includes:

• Comprehensive overviews of the major kinase families involved in oncology, integrating protein structure and function, and providing important tools to assist pharmaceutical researchers to understand and work in this dynamic area of cancer drug research

• Focus on small molecule inhibitors as well as other therapeutic modalities

• Discussion of kinase inhibitors that have entered clinical trials for the treatment of cancer, with an emphasis on molecules that have progressed to late stage clinical trials and, in a few cases, to market

Providing a platform for further study, this important work reviews both the successes and challenges of kinase inhibitor therapy, and provides insight into future directions in the war against cancer.

Inhalt
Preface. Acknowledgments.

1 KINASES AND CANCER.

1.1 A Brief History of Protein Phosphorylation.

1.2 Kinases and Cancer.

1.3 A Tour of the Human Protein Kinase Superfamily.

1.3.1 Tyrosine Kinase Group.

1.3.2 TKL (Tyrosine Kinase-Like) Group.

1.3.3 STE Group.

1.3.4 CSNK1 Group.

1.3.5 AGC group.

1.3.6 CAMK Group.

1.3.7 CMGC Group.

1.3.8 RGC Group.

1.3.9 Others.

1.3.10 Atypical Protein Kinases.

1.3.11 Non-Protein Kinases.

1.4 Strategic Considerations for Selecting Kinases as Drug Targets.

1.5 Comparison of Kinase Inhibitor Therapeutic Strategies.

1.5.1 Small Molecule Versus Antibody-Directed Therapies.

1.5.2 Alternative Strategies for Kinase Inhibition.

References.

2 PROTEIN KINASE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND REGULATION.

2.1 Ligand Binding to Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.

2.1.1 EGF:EGF Receptor Interactions.

2.1.2 Insulin:Insulin Receptor and IGF1:IGF1R.

2.1.3 FGF:FGF Receptor (Heparin/Heparan Sulphate) Interactions.

2.1.4 VEGF:VEGF Receptor Interactions.

2.1.5 Angiopoietin2:TIE2 Receptor Interactions.

2.1.6 Ephrin:EPH Receptor Interactions.

2.1.7 The Role of Transmembrane Domains.

2.2 Protein Kinase Domain Structure and Function.

2.3 Catalytic Activity of Protein Kinases.

2.3.1 Steady State Kinetics.

2.3.2 Chemistry of Protein Kinase Catalysis.

2.4 Protein Kinase Regulation.

2.4.1 Regulation Via Activation Segment Phosphorylation.

2.4.2 Regulation by N-terminal Sequences and Domains.

2.4.3 C-Terminal Regulatory Regions.

2.4.4 Regulation by Other Domains and Partner Proteins.

References.

3 RECPETOR TYROSINE KINASES.

3.1 EGF/ERBB Receptors.

3.1.1 ERBB Receptors and Cancer.

3.2 Insulin/IGF Receptors.

3.2.1 Insulin/IGF Receptors and Cancer.

3.3 Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase.

3.3.1 ALK and Cancer.

3.4 VEGF Receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3).

3.5 PDGF Receptors.

3.5.1 PDGFRs and Cancer.

3.6 FGF Receptors.

3.6.1 FGFRs and Cancer.

3.7 KIT.

3.7.1 KIT and Cancer.

3.8 FLT3.

3.8.1 FLT3 and Cancer.

3.9 RET.

3.9.1 RET and Thyroid Carcinoma.

3.10 MET and RON.

3.10.1 MET.

3.10.2 RON.

References.

4 NONRECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES.

4.1 ABL.

4.2 ARG.

4.3 SRC and SRC Family Kinases.

4.3.1 SRC.

4.3.2 Cellular Roles of SRC.

4.3.3 SRC and Cancer.

4.4 FAK.

4.4.1 FAK and Cancer.

4.5 JAK2.

4.5.1 Activation and Known Mutations and Fusions of the JAK Family of Tyrosine Kinases.

4.5.2 Further Roles of JAK2 in Tumor Growth.

References.

5 INTRACELLULAR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CASCADES.

5.1 The PI3K/PTEN Pathway.

5.1.1 PI3K.

5.1.2 PDK1.

5.1.3 AKT.

5.1.4 Other AGC Kinases.

5.1.5 PI3K Pathway Activation in Cancer.

5.2 mTOR Signaling.

5.2.1 mTOR.

5.2.2 p70S6 Kinase.

5.2.3 mTOR Pathway Activation in Cancer.

5.3 MAPK Signaling Pathways.

5.3.1 ERK/MAPK Signaling.

5.3.2 RAF Family Kinases.

5.3.3 MEK and ERK Kinases.

5.3.4 ERK/MAPK Pathway Activation in Cancer.

5.4 PIM Kinases.

5.5 Protein Kinase C.

5.5.1 PKC Activation.

5.5.2 Classical PKCs.

5.5.3 Novel PKCs.

5.5.4 Atypical PKCs.

References.

6 CELL CYCLE CONTROL.

6.1 Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) and Cell Cycle Progression. 6...