Cytochemical Bioassays

Cytochemical Bioassays: Techniques and Clinical Applications describes the techniques and clinical applications of cytochemical bioassays, particularly with respect to polypeptide hormones. This book discusses the clinical and research implications of studies that use these techniques.
This text is comprised of 14 chapters; the first of which introduces the reader to the origins and general principles of cytochemical bioassays, along with their advantages. This discussion is followed by a chapter that explains what is meant by ""an assay""; for what purpose assays are done; the basic components of an assay method; and the nature of the difference between in vivo and in vitro hormone bioassays, in vitro ligand assays, and enzyme assays. Attention then turns to the techniques of cytochemical bioassays and the cytochemical bioassay procedures for adrenocorticotropic hormones; thyroid-stimulating hormones; the thyroid-stimulating antibody of Graves' disease; thyroid growth stimulating and blocking immunoglobulins; and luteinizing hormones. The next chapters focus on the technique and clinical relevance of a cytochemical bioassay for gastrin-like activity and for measurement of antidiuretic hormones, parathyroid hormones, angiotensin II, natriuretic hormones, and hypothalamic regulating hormones.
This book will be of interest to clinicians and practitioners of biology, biochemistry, and endocrinology.

Inhalt

Preface
Contributors

1. General Introduction to Cytochemical Bioassays
   Origins
   The Need for Sensitive Bioassays of Polypeptide Hormones
   Functional Versus Analytical Assays
   The Advantages of Cytochemical Bioassays
   References
2. What's in a Bioassay?
   General
   Biometric Requirements and Considerations
   Biological Assay Systems
   Some Practical Points
   Standards as Calibration Materials
   Appendix A: Glossary
   Appendix B: Table of Biological Standards and Reference Materials
   References
3. The Techniques of Cytochemical Bioassays
   Introduction
   Maintenance Culture
   Chilling, Sectioning,and Reaction Methods
   Section Assays
   Measurement
   Interpretation
   Appendix: The Composition of Trowell's T8 Culture Medium
   References
4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
   Adrenocorticotropin: Structure and Function
   Assays Available for Adrenocorticotropin
   The Cytochemical Bioassay
   Validation of the Cytochemical Bioassay
   Physiological Studies and Clinical Investigations
   Future Clinical Applications
   References
5. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
   Nature of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Its Origin, Release, and Biological Function
   Development and Nature of Assay Systems for the Determination of TSH
   Methodology of the Cytochemical Bioassay for TSH
   Evaluation of the Cytochemical Bioassay for TSH
   Clinical AppUcations of the CBA for TSH
   Summary and Discussion
   References
6. The Thyroid-Stimulating Antibody of Graves' Disease
   Part I. General Concepts and Assay Materials
   Introduction
   Current Assay Systems
   Clinical Correlations of the Assay of TSAb by the cAMP Slice Assay
   The Immunochemistry of TSAb: The Possibility of Developing an Immunoassay
   Part II. The Cytochemical Bioassay
   Procedure
   Validation
   Preparation of the Sample for Assay
   Time Course of the Response
   Discrimination Between TSH and TSAb
   Comparison with Other Assays
   Results with the Cytochemical Bioassay
   TSAb Produced In Vitro
   References to Part I
   References to Part II
7. Thyroid Growth Stimulating and Blocking Immunoglobulins
   Introduction
   Two Quantitative Cytochemical Techniques for the Detection of TGI and TGI-B
   Results with the Nucleic Acid Cytophotometry Assay System
   Results with Cytochemical Measurements of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity
   Future Developments
   References
8. Luteinizing Hormone: A New Generation of Bioassays
   Introduction
   Structure of LH
   Bioassays for LH and HCG: Old and New Generations
   Applications for the New Generation of Bioassay
   Projections for the Future
   References
9. Technique and Clinical Relevance of a Cytochemical Bioassay for Gastrin-Like Activity
   Introduction
   The Nature of Gastrin
   Cytochemical Section Bioassay for Gastrin-Like Activity
   Validation of the Assay
   Application of the Cytochemical Section Bioassay for Gastrin-Like Activity
   Clinical Relevance of Gastrin
   The Need for a Cytochemical Bioassay of Gastrin-Like Activity
   Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
   Conclusions
   References
10. Measurement of Antidiuretic Hormone
    Introduction
    Physiology of Antidiuretic Hormone
    Measurement
    The Cytochemical Bioassay
    Conclusions
    References
11. Parathyroid Hormone
    Nature of the Hormone
    Biological Activity
    Metabolism of PTH
    Physiological Role of PTH
    Structure-Function Relationships
    Why Measure Circulating Levels of PTH?
    Assays of Circulating PTH: Techniques, Validation, Problems
    Applications of the Cytochemical Bioassay of PTH
    Structure-Function Relationships of PTH and Future Developments of the Cytochemical Bioassay
    References
12. A Cytochemical Bioassay for Angiotensin II
    Introduction
    Bioassay of Angiotensin II
    Radioimmunoassay
    Cytochemical Bioassay of Angiotensin II
    References
13. Hypothalamic Regulating Hormones
    Introduction
    Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Isolation and Structure
    Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
    Somatostatin
    Corticotropin-Releasing Factor
    Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor
    Measurement of Hypothalamic Regulatory Hormones in Biological Systems
    Editors' Note: Cytochemical Bioassays of Releasing Hormones
    Note Added in Proof
    References
14. Natriuretic Hormone
    Mechanism of Action
    Nature of the Circulating (Na+-K+)-ATPase Inhibitor
    Site of Production
    Clinical Relevance
    Methods Used to Detect Natriuretic Hormone
    Results Obtained Using Cytochemical Techniques for (Na+-K+)-ATPase and G6PD Activity to Measure the Relative Concentration of Natriuretic Hormone in Plasma and Hypothalamus
    Conclusion
    References
    Author Index
    Subject Index