Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production

Comprehensively covers the engineering aspects of corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production

This book captures the current understanding of corrosion processes in upstream operations and provides a brief overview of parameters and measures needed for optimum design of facilities. It focuses on internal corrosion occurring in hydrocarbon production environments and the key issues affecting its occurrence, including: the types and morphology of corrosion damage; principal metallic materials deployed; and mitigating measures to optimise its occurrence. The book also highlights important areas of progress and challenges, and looks toward the future of research and development to enable improved and economical design of facilities for oil and a gas production.

Written for both those familiar and unfamiliar with the subject--and by two authors with more than 60 years combined industry experience--this book covers everything from Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) to internal metal loss corrosion threats, corrosion in injection systems to microbiologically influenced corrosion, corrosion risk analysis to corrosion and integrity management, and more, notably:

• Comprehensively covers the engineering aspects of corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production

• Written by two, renowned experts in the field

• Offers practical guide to those unfamiliar with the subject whilst providing a focused roadmap to addressing the topics in a precise and methodical manner

• Covers all aspects of corrosion threat and remedial and mitigation measures in upstream hydrocarbon production applicable to sub-surface, surface, and transportation facilities

• Outlines technology challenges that need further research as a pre-cursor to moving the industry forward.

Operational and Engineering Aspects of Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production is an excellent guide for both practicing materials and corrosion engineers working in hydrocarbons production as well as those entering the area who may not be fully familiar with the subject.

Autorentext

Bijan Kermani, PhD is managing director of KeyTech, UK since 1999 and a visiting professor at University of Leeds and previously at UCL. He has over 40 years' experience of materials, metallurgy and corrosion in the oil and gas and steel industries focusing on materials optimisation, corrosion mitigation and integrity management. In addition, he manages innovative and step changer projects for multinational companies worldwide. He is a NACE Fellow, Fellow of Institute of Corrosion (ICorr), Fellow of Institute of Materials (IOM3), recipient of NACE 2007 Technical Achievement Award, Chartered Engineer, and Instructor for various NACE International courses. Don Harrop has over 40 years' experience working primarily in the oil and gas industry addressing a broad range of materials and corrosion issues through research, technology development and front-line engineering. He is a past President and Honorary Fellow of the UK Institute of Corrosion (ICorr) and the European Federation of Corrosion (EFC).

Klappentext
Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production Comprehensively covers the engineering aspects of corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production This book captures the current understanding of corrosion processes in upstream operations and provides a brief overview of parameters and measures needed for optimum design of facilities. It focuses on internal corrosion occurring in hydrocarbon production environments and the key issues affecting its occurrence, including: the types and morphology of corrosion damage; principal metallic materials deployed; and mitigating measures to optimise its occurrence. The book also highlights important areas of progress and challenges, and looks toward the future of research and development to enable improved and economical design of facilities for oil and a gas production. Written for both those familiar and unfamiliar with the subjectand by two authors with more than 60 years combined industry experiencethis book covers everything from Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) to internal metal loss corrosion threats, corrosion in injection systems to microbiologically influenced corrosion, corrosion risk analysis to corrosion and integrity management, and more, notably:

• Comprehensively covers the engineering aspects of corrosion and materials in hydrocarbon production
• Written by two, renowned experts in the field
• Offers a practical guide to those unfamiliar with the subject whilst providing a focused roadmap to addressing the topics in a precise and methodical manner
• Covers all aspects of corrosion threat and remedial and mitigation measures in upstream hydrocarbon production applicable to sub-surface, surface, and transportation facilities
• Outlines technology challenges that need further research as a pre-cursor to moving the industry forward. Operational and Engineering Aspects of Corrosion and Materials in Hydrocarbon Production is an excellent guide for both practicing materials and corrosion engineers working in hydrocarbons production as well as those entering the area who may not be fully familiar with the subject.

Inhalt
Preface xvii

Acknowledgement xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Scope and Objectives 2

1.2 The Impact of Corrosion 2

1.3 Principal Types of Corrosion in Hydrocarbon Production 5

1.4 The Way Ahead: Positive Corrosion 7

1.5 Summary 8

References 9

Bibliography 9

2 Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (CLASs) 11

2.1 Steel Products 11

2.2 Development of Mechanical Properties 12

2.3 Strengthening Mechanisms 14

2.4 Hardenability 16

2.5 Weldability 16

2.6 Line Pipe Steels 17

2.7 Well Completion Downhole Tubulars 17

2.8 Internally Clad Materials 18

2.9 Summary 18

Reference 20

Bibliography 20

API/ISO Specifications 20

ASME Standard 21

Further Reading 21

3 CorrosionResistant Alloys (CRAs) 23

3.1 Background 23

3.2 Alloying Elements, Microstructures, and their Significance for Corrosion Performance 24

3.3 Common Types/Grades of CRA Used in the Hydrocarbon Production Systems 30

3.4 Important Metallurgical Aspects of CRAs 33

3.5 Limits of Application 36

3.6 Selection Criteria 37

3.7 Future Demands and Requirements 39

3.8 Summary 40

References 41

Bibliography 42

Specifications 42

Further Reading 42

4 Water Chemistry 43

4.1 Sources of Water 44

4.2 Water Chemistry 45

4.3 Other Impacts on Corrosivity 46

4.4 Water Sampling Locations and Analysis Techniques 49

4.5 Influential Parameters in System Corrosivity 53

4.6 Summary 54

References 54

Bibliography 55

Standards 55

5 Internal Metal Loss Corrosion Threats 57

5.1 CO2 Metal Loss Corrosion 58

5.2 Key Influential Factors 60

5.3 Metal Loss CO2 Corrosion Prediction 63

5.4 Metal Loss Corrosion in Mixed H2S/CO2 Containing Streams 66

5.5 Summary 68

References 69

Bibliography 71

6 Environmental Cracking (EC) 73

6.1 Environmental Cracking Threat in Steels 73

6.2 EC Associated with Hydrogen Sulphide 74

6.3 Current Industry Practices 83

6.4 ISO 15156 83

6.5 Summary 86

Bibliography 87

7 Corrosion in Injection Systems 89

7.1 The Intent 90

7.2 Injection Systems 90

7.3 Water Treatment Methods 92

7.4 Water Corrosivity 94

7.5 Means of Corrosion Prediction 95

7.6 Materials Options 97

7.7 Supplementary Notes 100

7.8 Hydrotesting 101

7.9 Summary 103

References 104

Bibliography 104

8 Corrosion Mitigation by the Use of Inhibitor Chemicals 105

8.1 Inhibitor Characteristics 105

8.2 Inhibitor Testing and Application 111

8.3 Inhibitor Application/Deployment 116

8.4 Summary 119

References 120

9 Coating Systems 123

9.1 External Pipeline Coatings 123

9.2 Internal Coating and …